Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, Brat DJ, Cree IA, Figarella-Branger D, et al. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23:1231–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baxter PA, Su JM, Onar-Thomas A, Billups CA, Li XN, Poussaint TY, et al. A phase I/II study of veliparib (ABT-888) with radiation and temozolomide in newly diagnosed diffuse pontine glioma: a Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium study. Neuro Oncol. 2020;22:875–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsoli M, Shen H, Mayoh C, Franshaw L, Ehteda A, Upton D, et al. International experience in the development of patient-derived xenograft models of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. J Neurooncol. 2019;141:253–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJ, et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N. Engl J Med. 2005;352:987–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stupp R, Hegi ME, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Taphoorn MJ, Janzer RC, et al. Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:459–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berens ME, Giese A. “…those left behind.” Biology and oncology of invasive glioma cells. Neoplasia. 1999;1:208–19.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rudnick JD, Sarmiento JM, Uy B, Nuno M, Wheeler CJ, Mazer MJ, et al. A phase I trial of surgical resection with Gliadel Wafer placement followed by vaccination with dendritic cells pulsed with tumor lysate for patients with malignant glioma. J Clin Neurosci. 2020;74:187–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Horing E, Harter PN, Seznec J, Schittenhelm J, Buhring HJ, Bhattacharyya S, et al. The “go or grow” potential of gliomas is linked to the neuropeptide processing enzyme carboxypeptidase E and mediated by metabolic stress. Acta Neuropathol. 2012;124:83–97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Watkins S, Robel S, Kimbrough IF, Robert SM, Ellis-Davies G, Sontheimer H. Disruption of astrocyte-vascular coupling and the blood-brain barrier by invading glioma cells. Nat Commun. 2014;5:4196.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cuddapah VA, Robel S, Watkins S, Sontheimer H. A neurocentric perspective on glioma invasion. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014;15:455–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qin EY, Cooper DD, Abbott KL, Lennon J, Nagaraja S, Mackay A, et al. Neural precursor-derived pleiotrophin mediates subventricular zone invasion by Glioma. Cell. 2017;170:845–859.e819.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shu Q, Wong KK, Su JM, Adesina AM, Yu LT, Tsang YT, et al. Direct orthotopic transplantation of fresh surgical specimen preserves CD133+ tumor cells in clinically relevant mouse models of medulloblastoma and glioma. Stem Cells. 2008;26:1414–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu Z, Zhao X, Mao H, Baxter PA, Huang Y, Yu L, et al. Intravenous injection of oncolytic picornavirus SVV-001 prolongs animal survival in a panel of primary tumor-based orthotopic xenograft mouse models of pediatric glioma. Neuro Oncol. 2013;15:1173–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kogiso M, Qi L, Braun FK, Injac SG, Zhang L, Du Y, et al. Concurrent inhibition of neurosphere and monolayer cells of pediatric glioblastoma by Aurora A inhibitor MLN8237 predicted survival extension in PDOX models. Clin Cancer Res: Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2018;24:2159–70.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Qi L, Kogiso M, Du Y, Zhang H, Braun FK, Huang Y, et al. Impact of SCID mouse gender on tumorigenicity, xenograft growth and drug-response in a large panel of orthotopic PDX models of pediatric brain tumors. Cancer Lett. 2020;493:197–206.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang Y, Qi L, Kogiso M, Du Y, Braun FK, Zhang H, et al. Spatial dissection of invasive front from tumor mass enables discovery of novel microRNA drivers of glioblastoma invasion. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2021;8:e2101923.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li XN. Defining the cell of origin for diffuse midline gliomas. Nat Genet. 2022;54:1770–1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jessa S, Mohammadnia A, Harutyunyan AS, Hulswit M, Varadharajan S, Lakkis H, et al. K27M in canonical and noncanonical H3 variants occurs in distinct oligodendroglial cell lineages in brain midline gliomas. Nat Genet. 2022;54:1865–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu I, Jiang L, Samuelsson ER, Marco Salas S, Beck A, Hack OA, et al. The landscape of tumor cell states and spatial organization in H3-K27M mutant diffuse midline glioma across age and location. Nat Genet. 2022;54:1881–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bao S, Wu Q, McLendon RE, Hao Y, Shi Q, Hjelmeland AB, et al. Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response. Nature. 2006;444:756–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park DM, Rich JN. Biology of glioma cancer stem cells. Mol Cells. 2009;28:7–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Singh SK, Clarke ID, Hide T, Dirks PB. Cancer stem cells in nervous system tumors. Oncogene. 2004;23:7267–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al Hajj M, Clarke MF. Self-renewal and solid tumor stem cells. Oncogene. 2004;23:7274–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hope KJ, Jin L, Dick JE. Acute myeloid leukemia originates from a hierarchy of leukemic stem cell classes that differ in self-renewal capacity. Nat Immunol. 2004;5:738–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang J, Wakeman TP, Lathia JD, Hjelmeland AB, Wang XF, White RR, et al. Notch promotes radioresistance of glioma stem cells. Stem Cells. 2010;28:17–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dean M. ABC transporters, drug resistance, and cancer stem cells. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2009;14:3–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McCord AM, Jamal M, Williams ES, Camphausen K, Tofilon PJ. CD133+ glioblastoma stem-like cells are radiosensitive with a defective DNA damage response compared with established cell lines. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:5145–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thon N, Damianoff K, Hegermann J, Grau S, Krebs B, Schnell O, et al. Presence of pluripotent CD133+ cells correlates with malignancy of gliomas. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2010;43:51–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lathia JD, Hitomi M, Gallagher J, Gadani SP, Adkins J, Vasanji A, et al. Distribution of CD133 reveals glioma stem cells self-renew through symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions. Cell Death Dis. 2011;2:e200.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mao XG, Zhang X, Xue XY, Guo G, Wang P, Zhang W, et al. Brain tumor stem-like cells identified by neural stem cell marker CD15. Transl Oncol. 2009;2:247–57.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pietras A, Katz AM, Ekstrom EJ, Wee B, Halliday JJ, Pitter KL, et al. Osteopontin-CD44 signaling in the glioma perivascular niche enhances cancer stem cell phenotypes and promotes aggressive tumor growth. Cell Stem Cell. 2014;14:357–69.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fu J, Yang QY, Sai K, Chen FR, Pang JC, Ng HK, et al. TGM2 inhibition attenuates ID1 expression in CD44-high glioma-initiating cells. Neuro Oncol. 2013;15:1353–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Anido J, Saez-Borderias A, Gonzalez-Junca A, Rodon L, Folch G, Carmona MA, et al. TGF-beta receptor inhibitors target the CD44(high)/Id1(high) glioma-initiating cell population in human glioblastoma. Cancer Cell. 2010;18:655–68.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheng L, Huang Z, Zhou W, Wu Q, Donnola S, Liu JK, et al. Glioblastoma stem cells generate vascular pericytes to support vessel function and tumor growth. Cell. 2013;153:139–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Holmberg Olausson K, Maire CL, Haidar S, Ling J, Learner E, Nister M, et al. Prominin-1 (CD133) defines both stem and non-stem cell populations in CNS development and gliomas. PLoS One. 2014;9:e106694.

Article