Ipsos Global Advisor. LGBT+ Pride 2023. Ipsos www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2023-05/Ipsos%20LGBT%2B%20Pride%202023%20Global%20Survey%20Report%20-%20rev.pdf (2023).
Rosendale, N. & Josephson, S. A. The importance of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health in neurology: what’s in a name? JAMA Neurol. 72, 855–856 (2015).
Wilson, B. D. M. et al. LGBT poverty in the United States. Williams Institute https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/lgbt-poverty-us/ (2023).
Abril, S. B. et al. The worldwide offensive against the rights of LGBTQ+ people. EL PAÍS English https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-06-28/the-worldwide-offensive-against-the-rights-of-lgbtq-people.html (2023).
Rosendale, N. et al. Migraine, migraine disability, trauma, and discrimination in sexual and gender minority individuals. Neurology 99, e1549–e1559 (2022).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Flentje, A. et al. Minority stress, structural stigma, and physical health among sexual and gender minority individuals: examining the relative strength of the relationships. Ann. Behav. Med. 56, 573–591 (2022).
Streed, C. G. et al. Assessing and addressing cardiovascular health in people who are transgender and gender diverse: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 144, e136–e148 (2021).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Flentje, A., Heck, N. C., Brennan, J. M. & Meyer, I. H. The relationship between minority stress and biological outcomes: a systematic review. J. Behav. Med. 43, 673–694 (2020).
Zeeman, L. et al. A review of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGBTI) health and healthcare inequalities. Eur. J. Public Health 29, 974–980 (2019).
Casey, L. S. et al. Discrimination in the United States: experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer Americans. Health Serv. Res. 54, 1454–1466 (2019).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
James, S. E. et al. The report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. National Center for Transgender Equality http://www.ustranssurvey.org/ (2019).
Brown, T. T. et al. Discrimination hurts: the effect of discrimination on the development of chronic pain. Soc. Sci. Med. 204, 1–8 (2018).
Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar
Mathur, V. A. et al. Multiple levels of suffering: discrimination in health-care settings is associated with enhanced laboratory pain sensitivity in sickle cell disease. Clin. J. Pain 32, 1076–1085 (2016).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Watson, R. J. et al. LGBTQ state policies: a lever for reducing SGM youth substance use and bullying. Drug Alcohol Depend. 221, 108659 (2021).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chien, Y. S., Schwartz, G., Huang, L. & Kawachi, I. State LGBTQ policies and binge drinking among sexual minority youth in the US: a multilevel analysis. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 57, 183–194 (2022).
Carbado, D. W., Crenshaw, K. W., Mays, V. M. & Tomlinson, B. Intersectionality: mapping the movements of a theory. Du Bois Rev. 10, 303–312 (2013).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shangani, S., Gamarel, K. E., Ogunbajo, A., Cai, J. & Operario, D. Intersectional minority stress disparities among sexual minority adults in the USA: the role of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Cult. Health Sex. 22, 398–412 (2020).
HRC Foundation. Fatal violence against the transgender and gender-expansive community in 2022. hrc.org, https://www.hrc.org/resources/fatal-violence-against-the-transgender-and-gender-expansive-community-in-2022 (2022).
Dawson L., Long M. & Frederiksen B. LGBT+ people’s health status and access to care — issue brief — 10171. KFF www.kff.org/report-section/lgbt-peoples-health-status-and-access-to-care-issue-brief/ (2023).
Lavorgna, L. et al. Health-care disparities stemming from sexual orientation of Italian patients with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional web-based study. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord. 13, 28–32 (2017).
Anderson, A. et al. Experiences of sexual and gender minority people living with multiple sclerosis in northern California: an exploratory study. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord. 55, 103214 (2021).
Bayram, E., Weigand, A. J. & Flatt, J. D. Perceived discrimination in health care for LGBTQIA+ people living with Parkinson’s disease. J. Gerontol. Ser. B 78, 1459–1465 (2023).
Lambrou, N. H. et al. Subjective cognitive decline associated with discrimination in medical settings among transgender and nonbinary older adults. Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health 19, 9168 (2022).
Barrett, C., Crameri, P., Lambourne, S., Latham, J. & Whyte, C. Understanding the experiences and needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans Australians living with dementia, and their partners: LGBT Australians and dementia. Australas. J. Ageing 34, 34–38 (2015).
Candrian, C., Burke, E. S., Kline, D. & Torke, A. M. Experiences of caregiving with Alzheimer’s disease in the LGBT community. BMC Geriatr. 23, 293 (2023).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Warrier, V. et al. Elevated rates of autism, other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diagnoses, and autistic traits in transgender and gender-diverse individuals. Nat. Commun. 11, 3959 (2020).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
George, R. & Stokes, M. A. Gender identity and sexual orientation in autism spectrum disorder. Autism 22, 970–982 (2018).
Hillier, A. et al. LGBTQ+ and autism spectrum disorder: experiences and challenges. Int. J. Transgend. Health 21, 98–110 (2020).
Hall, J. P., Batza, K., Streed, C. G., Boyd, B. A. & Kurth, N. K. Health disparities among sexual and gender minorities with autism spectrum disorder. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 50, 3071–3077 (2020).
Ghebrehiwet, M. et al. Inequities in epilepsy: a scoping review. Neurol. Clin. Pract. 13, e200211 (2023).
Waldman, G. & Benson, R. Epilepsy care in transgender patients. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 22, 451–458 (2022).
Johnson, E. L. & Kaplan, P. W. Caring for transgender patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 58, 1667–1672 (2017).
Birbeck, G. L. et al. Evidence-based guideline: antiepileptic drug selection for people with HIV/AIDS. Neurology 78, 139–145 (2012).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Reimers, A., Brodtkorb, E. & Sabers, A. Interactions between hormonal contraception and antiepileptic drugs: clinical and mechanistic considerations. Seizure 28, 66–70 (2015).
Herzog, A. G. et al. Differential effects of antiepileptic drugs on sexual function and hormones in men with epilepsy. Neurology 65, 1016–1020 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Christensen, J. et al. Oral contraceptives induce lamotrigine metabolism: evidence from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsia 48, 484–489 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Trinh, M. H., Agénor, M., Austin, S. B. & Jackson, C. L. Health and healthcare disparities among U.S. women and men at the intersection of sexual orientation and race/ethnicity: a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 17, 964 (2017).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Diaz, M. A. & Rosendale, N. Exploring stroke risk factors and outcomes in sexual and gender minority people. Neurol. Clin. Pract. 13, e200106 (2003).
Defreyne, J., de Bruaene, L. D. L. V., Rietzschel, E., Schuylenbergh, J. V. & T’Sjoen, G. G. R. Effects of gender-affirming hormones on lipid, metabolic, and cardiac surrogate blood markers in transgender persons. Clin. Chem. 65, 119–134 (2019).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nota Nienke, M. et al. The occurrence of acute cardiovascular events in transgender individuals receiving hormone therapy: results from a large cohort study. Circulation 139, 1461–1462 (2019).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Getahun, D. et al. Cross-sex hormones and acute cardiovascular events in transgender persons: a cohort study. Ann. Intern. Med. 169, 205–213 (2018).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Maraka, S. et al. Sex steroids and cardiovascular outcomes in transgender individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 102, 3914–3923 (2017).
Diaz, M. & Rosendale, N. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of stroke in transgender adults. Curr. Treat. Options Neurol. 24, 409–428 (2022).
Coleman, E. et al. Standards of care for the health of transgender and gender diverse people, version 8. Int. J. Transgend. Health 23, S1–S259 (2022).
Comments (0)