Jie Y, Xu L, Wu YY, Jonas JB. Prevalence of dry eye among adult Chinese in the Beijing Eye Study. Eye. 2009;23(3):688–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arita R, Mizoguchi T, Kawashima M, Fukuoka S, Koh S, Shirakawa R, et al. Meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye are similar but different based on a population-based study: the Hirado-Takushima Study in Japan. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;207:410–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shimazaki J, Nomura Y, Numa S, Murase Y, Kakinoki K, Abe F, et al. Prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional survey on dry eye disease in Japan. Adv Ther. 2020;37(1):316–28.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hua R, Yao K, Hu Y, Chen L. Discrepancy between subjectively reported symptoms and objectively measured clinical findings in dry eye: a population based analysis. BMJ Open. 2014;4(8):e005296.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gong YY, Zhang F, Zhou J, Li J, Zhang GH, Wang JL, et al. Prevalence of dry eye in Uyghur and Han ethnic groups in Western China. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2017;24(3):181–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farrand KF, Fridman M, Stillman IÖ, Schaumberg DA. Prevalence of diagnosed dry eye disease in the United States among adults aged 18 years and older. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017;182:90–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vehof J, Kozareva D, Hysi PG, Hammond CJ. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye disease in a British female cohort. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98(12):1712–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferrero A, Alassane S, Binquet C, Bretillon L, Acar N, Arnould L, et al. Dry eye disease in the elderly in a French population-based study (the Montrachet study: Maculopathy, Optic nerve, nuTRition, neurovAsCular and HEarT Diseases): prevalence and associated factors. Ocul Surf. 2018;16(1):112–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galor A, Feuer W, Lee DJ, Florez H, Carter D, Pouyeh B, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye syndrome in a United States veterans affairs population. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;152(3):377–84.e2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vehof J, Snieder H, Jansonius N, Hammond CJ. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye in 79,866 participants of the population-based lifelines cohort study in the Netherlands. Ocul Surf. 2021;19:83–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Craig JP, Lim J, Han A, Tien L, Xue AL, Wang MTM. Ethnic differences between the Asian and Caucasian ocular surface: a co-located adult migrant population cohort study. Ocul Surf. 2019;17(1):83–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Craig JP, Wang MT, Kim D, Lee JM. Exploring the predisposition of the Asian eye to development of dry eye. Ocul Surf. 2016;14(3):385–92.

Article  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

McMonnies CW. Blink efficiency: a neglected area of ocular surface disease management? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(7):4484.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang MTM, Tien L, Han A, Lee JM, Kim D, Markoulli M, et al. Impact of blinking on ocular surface and tear film parameters. Ocul Surf. 2018;16(4):424–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McMonnies CW. Incomplete blinking: exposure keratopathy, lid wiper epitheliopathy, dry eye, refractive surgery, and dry contact lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2007;30(1):37–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wan T, Jin X, Lin L, Xu Y, Zhao Y. Incomplete blinking may attribute to the development of meibomian gland dysfunction. Curr Eye Res. 2016;41(2):179–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rodriguez JD, Lane KJ, Ousler GW, Angjeli E, Smith LM, Abelson MB. Blink: characteristics, controls, and relation to dry eyes. Curr Eye Res. 2018;43(1):52–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Korb DR, Baron DF, Herman JP, Finnemore VM, Exford JM, Hermosa JL, et al. Tear film lipid layer thickness as a function of blinking. Cornea. 1994;13(4):354–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Doane MG. Interaction of eyelids and tears in corneal wetting and the dynamics of the normal human eyeblink. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;89(4):507–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Godfrey KJ, Wilsen C, Satterfield K, Korn BS, Kikkawa DO. Analysis of spontaneous eyelid blink dynamics using a 240 frames per second smartphone camera. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;35(5):503–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Argilés M, Cardona G, Pérez-Cabré E, Rodríguez M. Blink rate and incomplete blinks in six different controlled hard-copy and electronic reading conditions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(11):6679–85.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Su Y, Liang Q, Su G, Wang N, Baudouin C, Labbé A. Spontaneous eye blink patterns in dry eye: clinical correlations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(12):5149–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Navascues-Cornago M, Morgan PB, Maldonado-Codina C, Read ML. Characterisation of blink dynamics using a high-speed infrared imaging system. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2020;40(4):519–28.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cruz G, Lira M, Luaces O, Remeseiro B. Eye-LRCN: a long-term recurrent convolutional network for eye blink completeness detection. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNNLS.2022.3202643.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nousias G, Panagiotopoulou EK, Delibasis K, Chaliasou AM, Tzounakou AM, Labiris G. Video-based eye blink identification and classification. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. 2022;26(7):3284–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zheng Q, Wang L, Wen H, Ren Y, Huang S, Bai F, et al. Impact of incomplete blinking analyzed using a deep learning model with the Keratograph 5M in dry eye disease. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2022;11(3):38.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang L, Liu H, Lu Y, Chen H, Zhang J, Pu J. A coarse-to-fine deep learning framework for optic disc segmentation in fundus images. Biomed Signal Process Control. 2019;51:82–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun WS, Baker RS, Chuke JC, Rouholiman BR, Hasan SA, Gaza W, et al. Age-related changes in human blinks: passive and active changes in eyelid kinematics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38(1):92–9.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schiffman RM, Christianson MD, Jacobsen G, Hirsch JD, Reis BL. Reliability and validity of the ocular surface disease index. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118(5):615–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsubota K, Yokoi N, Shimazaki J, Watanabe H, Dogru M, Yamada M, et al. New perspectives on dry eye definition and diagnosis: a consensus report by the Asia Dry Eye Society. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(1):65–76.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blackie CA, Solomon JD, Scaffidi RC, Greiner JV, Lemp MA, Korb DR. The relationship between dry eye symptoms and lipid layer thickness. Cornea. 2009;28(7):789–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bron AJ, Evans VE, Smith JA. Grading of corneal and conjunctival staining in the context of other dry eye tests. Cornea. 2003;22(7):640–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pult H, Nichols JJ. A review of meibography. Optom Vis Sci. 2012;89(5):E760–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pum J. A practical guide to validation and verification of analytical methods in the clinical laboratory. Adv Clin Chem. 2019;90:215–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pult H, Riede-Pult BH, Murphy PJ. A new perspective on spontaneous blinks. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(5):1086–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shew W, Muntz A, Dean SJ, Pult H, Wang MTM, Craig JP. Blinking and upper eyelid morphology. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2022;45(6):101702.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pult H, Korb DR, Murphy PJ, Riede-Pult BH, Blackie C. A new model of central lid margin apposition and tear film mixing in spontaneous blinking. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2015;38(3):173–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pult H, Riede-Pult BH, Murphy PJ. The relation between blinking and conjunctival folds and dry eye symptoms. Optom Vis Sci. 2013;90(10):1034–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jie Y, Sella R, Feng J, Gomez ML, Afshari NA. Evaluation of incomplete blinking as a measurement of dry eye disease. Ocul Surf. 2019;17(3):440–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zheng Q, Li Z, Zhang J, Mei C, Li G, Wang L. Automated segmentation of palpebral fissures from eye videography using a texture fusion neural network. Biomed Signal Process Control. 2023;85:104820.

Article