Hammad AS, Saada HN, Eltahawy NA, Morcos N, Seoudi D. The impact of Di-Indolylmethane on brain injury in rats exposed to gamma-radiation. EJRSA. 2022.

Algeda FR, Eltahawy NA, Shedid SM, Saada HN. The impact of gamma-radiation on the cerebral-and cerebellar-cortex of male rats’ brain. Brain Res Bull. 2022;186:136–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Panganiban R-AM, Snow AL, Day RM. Mechanisms of radiation toxicity in transformed and non-transformed cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(8):15931–58.

Sharma NK, Sharma R, Mathur D, Sharad S, Minhas G, Bhatia K, et al. Role of ionizing radiation in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Aging Neurosci. 2018;10:134.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abdel-Magied N, Abdel Fattah SM, Elkady AA. Differential effect of Taraxacum officinale L.(dandelion) root extract on hepatic and testicular tissues of rats exposed to ionizing radiation. Mol Biol Rep. 2019;46:4893–907.

Kale A, Pişkin Ö, Baş Y, Aydın BG, Can M, Elmas Ö, et al. Neuroprotective effects of Quercetin on radiation-induced brain injury in rats. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). 2018;59(4):404–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abdel-Aziz N, Elkady AA, Elgazzar EM. Effect of low-dose gamma radiation and lipoic acid on high-radiation-dose induced rat brain injuries. Dose-Response. 2021;19(4):15593258211044844.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Esnafoglu E, Adıgüzel Ö. Association of BDNF levels with IQ: comparison of S100B and BDNF levels in typically developing children and subjects with neurologically normal nonsyndromic intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2021;65(12):1073–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nociti V, Romozzi M. The role of BDNF in multiple Sclerosis Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(9):8447.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bekinschtein P, Cammarota M, Katche C, Slipczuk L, Rossato JI, Goldin A, et al. BDNF is essential to promote persistence of long-term memory storage. PNAS. 2008;105(7):2711–6.

Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lai S-W, Chen J-H, Lin H-Y, Liu Y-S, Tsai C-F, Chang P-C, et al. Regulatory effects of neuroinflammatory responses through brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in microglial cells. Mol Neurobiol. 2018;55:7487–99.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Donato R, Sorci G, Riuzzi F, Arcuri C, Bianchi R, Brozzi F, et al. S100B’s double life: intracellular regulator and extracellular signal. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res BBA-MOL CELL RES. 2009;1793(6):1008–22.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Van Eldik LJ, Wainwright MS. The Janus face of glial-derived S100B: beneficial and detrimental functions in the brain. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2003;21(3–4):97–108.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nishiyama H, Knöpfel T, Endo S, Itohara S. Glial protein S100B modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity. PNAS. 2002;99(6):4037–42.

Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Souza DF, Wartchow K, Hansen F, Lunardi P, Guerra MC, Nardin P, et al. Interleukin-6-induced S100B secretion is inhibited by haloperidol and risperidone. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013;43:14–22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bowery NG, Smart TG. GABA and glycine as neurotransmitters: a brief history. Br J Pharmacol. 2006;147(Suppl 1):S109–19.

Schwirtlich M, Emri Z, Antal K, Máté Z, Katarova Z, Szabó G. GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors of distinct properties affect oppositely the proliferation of mouse embryonic stem cells through synergistic elevation of intracellular Ca(2+). FASEB J. 2010;24(4):1218–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oh SB, Park HR, Jang YJ, Choi SY, Son TG, Lee J. Baicalein attenuates impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and the neurocognitive deficits induced by γ-ray radiation. Br J Pharmacol. 2013;168(2):421–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boström M, Kalm M, Eriksson Y, Bull C, Ståhlberg A, Björk-Eriksson T, et al. A role for endothelial cells in radiation-induced inflammation. Int J Radiat Biol. 2018;94(3):259–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trotta T, Porro C, Cianciulli A, Panaro MA. Beneficial effects of spirulina consumption on brain health. Nutrients. 2022;14(3):676.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sorrenti V, Castagna DA, Fortinguerra S, Buriani A, Scapagnini G, Willcox DC. Spirulina Microalgae and brain health: a scoping review of experimental and clinical evidence. Mar Drugs. 2021;19(6):293.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tocher DR, Betancor MB, Sprague M, Olsen RE, Napier JA. Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, EPA and DHA: bridging the gap between supply and demand. Nutrients. 2019;11(1).

Kim KM, Lee JY, Im A-R, Chae S. Phycocyanin protects against UVB-induced Apoptosis through the PKC α/βII-Nrf-2/HO-1 dependent pathway in human primary skin cells. Molecules. 2018;23(2):478.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Poormoosavi SM, Behmanesh MA, Najafzadehvarzi H. Effects of Spirulina platensis on the improvement of hepatorenal toxicity induced by iron oxide in wistar rats using biochemical and histological methods. SHIRAZ E-MED J. 2019;20(8).

Yoshioka T, Kawada K, Shimada T, Mori M. Lipid peroxidation in maternal and cord blood and protective mechanism against activated-oxygen toxicity in the blood. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979;135(3):372–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Minami M, Yoshikawa H. A simplified assay method of superoxide dismutase activity for clinical use. Clin Chim Acta. 1979;92(3):337–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miller NJ, Rice-Evans C, Davies MJ, Gopinathan V, Milner A. A novel method for measuring antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates. Clin Sci (Lond). 1993;84(4):407–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Levine RL, Garland D, Oliver CN, Amici A, Climent I, Lenz AG, et al. Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins. Methods Enzymol. 1990;186:464–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burton K. A study of the conditions and mechanism of the diphenylamine reaction for the colorimetric estimation of deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochem J. 1956;62(2):315–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berdalet E, Roldán C, Olivar M, Lysnes K. Quantifying RNA and DNA in planktonic organisms with SYBR Green II and nucleases. Part A. Optimisation of the assay. Sci Mar. 2005;69.

Thoresen SS, Clayton JR Jr, Dortch Q, Ahmed SI. A rapid technique for the determination of RNA and DNA in marine phytoplankton. J Plankton Res. 1983;5(2):253–61.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bancroft J, Stevens A. The Haematoxylin and Eosin: theory and practice of histological techniques, ch 6. Churchill Livingstone: London, UK. 1996:99–112.

Lopes MJP, Delmondes GdA, Leite GMdL, Cavalcante DRA, Aquino PÉAd, Lima FAVd, et al. The protein-rich fraction from Spirulina platensis exerts neuroprotection in hemiparkinsonian rats by decreasing brain inflammatory-related enzymes and glial fibrillary acidic protein expressions. J Med Food. 2022;25(7):695–709.

Abdelghany AK, Gamal A, Abdel-Wahab A, Abdel-Razik A-RH, El-Samannoudy SI, Ibrahim MA, et al. Evaluating the neuroprotective effect of Spirulina platensis–loaded niosomes against Alzheimer’s disease induced in rats. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2023.

El-Sheekh MM, Daboor SM, Swelim MA, Mohamed S. Production and characterization of antimicrobial active substance from Spirulina platensis. IJM. 2014;6(2):112.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mazokopakis EE, Starakis IK, Papadomanolaki MG, Mavroeidi NG, Ganotakis ES. The hypolipidaemic effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation in a Cretan population: a prospective study. J Sci Food Agric. 2014;94(3):432–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ismail M, Hossain MF, Tanu AR, Shekhar HU. Effect of spirulina intervention on oxidative stress, antioxidant status, and lipid profile in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015.

Wu Q, Liu L, Miron A, Klímová B, Wan D, Kuča K. The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina: an overview. Arch Toxicol. 2016;90:1817–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brito AdF, Silva AS, De Souza AA, Ferreira PB, De Souza IL, Araujo LCDC, et al. Aortic response to strength training and Spirulina platensis dependent on nitric oxide and antioxidants. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1522.

Sandhu J, Dheera B, Shweta S. Efficacy of spirulina supplementation on isometric strength and isometric endurance of quadriceps in trained and untrained individuals–a comparative study. IJMBS. 2010;2(02):79–86.

Google Scholar 

Matuszczak Y, Farid M, Jones J, Lansdowne S, Smith MA, Taylor AA, et al. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on glutathione oxidation and fatigue during handgrip exercise. Muscle Nerve. 2005;32(5):633–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sm S, Hn S, Na E, As H. Curative role of pantothenic acid in brain damage of gamma irradiated rats. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2018;33(3):314–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eltahawy NA, Sarhan OM, Hammad AS, Abu-nour S. Effects of combined exposure to aluminum chloride and γ-radiation on histological and ultrastructure of intestinal Paneth cells. JRRAS. 2016;9(4):400–8.

Google Scholar 

Saada H, Eltahawy N, Hammad A, Morcos N. Gamma amino butyric acid attenuates liver and kidney damage associated with insulin alteration in γ-irradiated and streptozotocin-treated rats. Arab J Nucl Sci Appl. 2016;49:138–50.

Google Scholar 

Saad-El-Din AA, Mazhar A, Khalil W. Role of Spirulina on gamma-irradiated rats using Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance and Electron spin resonance for brain. JRRAS. 2020;13(1):528–41.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Sagara T, Nishibori N, Kishibuchi R, Itoh M, Morita K. Non-protein components of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis protect PC12 cells against iron-evoked neurotoxic injury. J Appl Phycol. 2015;27:849–55.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cherdkiatikul T, Suwanwong Y. Production of the α and β subunits of Spirulina allophycocyanin and C-phycocyanin in Escherichia coli: a comparative study of their antioxidant activities. J Biomol Screen. 2014;19(6):959–65.

Article  PubMed