Throughout the history of neurosurgery, the introduction of stereotactic techniques has been a groundbreaking development that has remarkably transformed the landscape of neurosurgical interventions. In the mid 20th century, Spiegel et al. (Spiegel et al., 1947) pioneered human stereotaxis, aiming for precise localization while targeting brain structures, leading to a fascinating journey for stereotactic neurosurgery. This advancement has revolutionized the way of the approaches to brain pathologies and paved the way for minimally invasive and highly accurate procedures such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), which now plays a significant role in modern medical practice, particularly in treating movement disorders.

After gaining knowledge of the role of the basal ganglia in motor control; thalamotomy and pallidotomy surgeries gained popularity for the surgical management of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, interest in surgical interventions significantly declined during the 1960s and 1970s with the revolutionary discovery of Levodopa in 1967 (Cotzias et al., 1967). As the long-term motor complications of levodopa treatment became evident, the interest in surgeries resurged.

In 1987, Benabid et al. published a pivotal study showcasing the reversible suppression of tremor with high-frequency thalamic electrical stimulation which was indeed used intraoperatively during ablative surgeries in accurately confirming target localization. Subsequently, The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved its use for unilateral parkinsonian tremor and essential tremor in 1997. Building upon the understanding of benefit of subthalamic nucleus (STN) lesioning and previous experience with pallidotomies, the FDA granted approval for STN and globus pallidus interna (GPi) DBS in 2003 (Sharma et al., 2020). Since then, DBS has indeed gained widespread use worldwide as an effective treatment for various neurological and movement disorders such as PD, essential tremor, dystonia, and even certain cases of epilepsy and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Over the years, extensive studies and clinical trials have confirmed its effectiveness in managing various neurological disorders including PD. Research on DBS has been an area of significant focus since its initial use and the range of indications for DBS continues to expand. This continuous exploration of DBS applications holds the promise of bringing relief and improved quality of life to an increasing number of patients with challenging neurological conditions.