Diener HC, Hankey GJ. Primary and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and cerebral hemorrhage: JACC focus seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75:1804–18.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke: definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial—TOAST: trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment. Stroke. 1993;24:35–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee PH, Song JK, Kim JS, Heo R, Lee S, Kim DH, et al. Cryptogenic stroke and high-risk patent foramen ovale: the DEFENSE-PFO trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:2335–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nakayama R, Takaya Y, Akagi T, Watanabe N, Ikeda M, Nakagawa K, et al. Identification of high-risk patent foramen ovale associated with cryptogenic stroke: development of a scoring system. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32:811–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saver JL, Carroll JD, Thaler DE, Smalling RW, MacDonald LA, Tirschwell DL, et al. Long-term outcomes of patent foramen ovale closure or medical therapy after stroke. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1022–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sondergaard L, Kasner SE, Rhodes JF, Andersen G, Iversen HK, Thomassen L, et al. Patent foramen ovale closure or amtiplatelet therapy for cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1033–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mas JL, Derumeaux G, Guillon B, Massardier E, Hosseini H, Chatellier G, et al. Patent foramen ovale closure or anticoagulation vs. antiplatelets after stroke. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1011–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deng W, Yin S, McMullin D, Inglessis-Azuaje I, Elmariah S, Hung J, et al. Residual shunt after patent foramen ovale closure and long-term stroke recurrence: a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172:3717–25.

Article  Google Scholar 

Suligoj NC, Rojko M, Suligoj B, Zorc M, Kar S, Noc M. Long-term transesophageal echocardiography after patent foramen ovale closure by BioSTAR and Amplatzer patent foramen ovale occluders. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;95:349–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gevorgyan Fleming R, Kumar P, West B, Noureddin N, Rusheen J, Aboulhosn J, et al. Comparison of residual shunt rate and complications across 6 different closure devices for patent foramen ovale. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;95:365–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matsumura K, Gevorgyan R, Mangels D, Masoomi R, Mojadidi MK, Tobis J. Comparison of residual shunt rates in five devices used to treat patent foramen ovale. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;84:455–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greutmann M, Greutmann-Yantiri M, Kretschmar O, Senn O, Roffi M, Jenni R, et al. Percutaneous PFO closure with Amplatzer PFO occluder: predictors of residual shunts at 6 months follow-up. Congenit Heart Dis. 2009;4:252–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moon J, Kim M, Oh PC, Shin DH, Park HM, Jo YY, et al. Residual shunt after patent foramen ovale device closure in patients with cryptogenic stroke: serial bubble contrast transesophageal echocardiography data. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2019;28:347–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sorensen SG, Aguilar H, McKnight WK, Thomas H, Muhlestein JB. Transcranial Doppler quantification of residual shunt after percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure. Comparison of two devices. J Interv Cardiol. 2010;23:575–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marchese N, Pacilli MA, Inchingolo V, Fanelli R, Loperfido F, Vigna C. Residual shunt after percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale with AMPLATZER occluder devices-influence of anatomic features: a transcranial Doppler and intracardiac echocardiography study. EuroIntervention. 2013;9:382–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takaya Y, Nakayama R, Akagi T, Yokohama F, Miki T, Nakagawa K, et al. Importance of saline contrast transthoracic echocardiography for evaluating large right-to-left shunt in patent foramen ovale associated with cryptogenic stroke. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;38:515–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takaya Y, Watanabe N, Ikeda M, Akagi T, Nakayama R, Nakagawa K, et al. Importance of abdominal compression valsalva maneuver and microbubble grading in contrast transthoracic echocardiography for detecting patent foramen ovale. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2020;33:201–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katsianos E, Oikonomou E, Kalogeras K, Manousaki A, Kalantzis C, Pantelidis P, et al. Residual right-to-left-shunt following transcatheter patent foramen ovale closure: the role of antithrombotic treatment. Curr Pharm Des. 2022;28:3305–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Susuri N, Obeid S, Ulmi M, Siontis GCM, Wahl A, Windecker S, et al. Second transcatheter closure for residual shunt following percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale. EuroIntervention. 2017;13:858–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar