Hermans MP, Fruchart JC. Reducing vascular events risk in patients with dyslipidaemia: an update for clinicians. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2011;2(5):307–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dhindsa DS, Sandesara PB, Shapiro MD, Wong ND. The evolving understanding and approach to residual cardiovascular risk management. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vanuzzo D. The epidemiological concept of residual risk. Intern Emerg Med. 2011;6(Suppl 1):45–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, et al. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(17):1563–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taylor AJ, Villines TC, Stanek EJ, et al. Extended-release niacin or ezetimibe and carotid intima-media thickness. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(22):2113–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burger AL, Pogran E, Muthspiel M, et al. New treatment targets and innovative lipid-lowering therapies in very-high-risk patients with cardiovascular disease. Biomedicines. 2022;10(5) https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10050970.

Ray KK, Seshasai SR, Wijesuriya S, et al. Effect of intensive control of glucose on cardiovascular outcomes and death in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2009;373(9677):1765–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schiffrin EL, Lipman ML, Mann JF. Chronic kidney disease: effects on the cardiovascular system. Circulation. 2007;116(1):85–97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo Y, Cui L, Ye P, et al. Change of kidney function is associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular diseases: results from the Kailuan study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(21):e010596.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. Jama. 1984;251(3):365–74.

Yao YS, Li TD, Zeng ZH. Mechanisms underlying direct actions of hyperlipidemia on myocardium: an updated review. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19(1):23.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nelson RH. Hyperlipidemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Prim Care. 2013;40(1):195–211.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(19):1349–57.

Ballantyne CM. Low-density lipoproteins and risk for coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82(9a):3q–12q.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brown BG. Maximizing coronary disease risk reduction using nicotinic acid combined with LDL-lowering therapy. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2005;7(suppl_F):F34–40.

Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. Jama. 1998;279(20):1615–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110(2):227–39.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Navar AM, Pagidipati N, Mulder H, et al. (2019) Triglycerides as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: what measure and what cutoff. in 68th Annual Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology. New Orleans, LA

Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FAH, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. New Eng J Med. 2008;359(21):2195–207.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(14):1001–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, G. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344(8934):1383–9.

Google Scholar 

Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease with Pravastatin in Men with Hypercholesterolemia. New Eng J Med. 1995;333(20):1301–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miller M, Cannon CP, Murphy SA, et al. Impact of triglyceride levels beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(7):724–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schwartz GG, Abt M, Bao W, et al. Fasting triglycerides predict recurrent ischemic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with statins. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(21):2267–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Libby P. The forgotten majority: unfinished business in cardiovascular risk reduction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(7):1225–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Graham I, Cooney MT. Risks in estimating risk. Eur Heart J. 2013:35. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht286.

Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, et al. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J. 2012;33(13):1635–701.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):111–88.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blackburn DF, Lamb DA, Eurich DT, et al. Atenolol as initial antihypertensive therapy: an observational study comparing first-line agents. J Hypertens. 2007;25(7):1499–505.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jardine MJ, Ninomiya T, Perkovic V, et al. Aspirin is beneficial in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease: a post-hoc subgroup analysis of a randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(12):956–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ruilope LM, Salvetti A, Jamerson K, et al. Renal function and intensive lowering of blood pressure in hypertensive participants of the hypertension optimal treatment (HOT) study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12(2):218–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zanchetti A, Hansson L, Dahlöf B, et al. Benefit and harm of low-dose aspirin in well-treated hypertensives at different baseline cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens. 2002;20(11):2301–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Turnbull F, Neal B, Algert C, et al. Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(12):1410–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9374):2005–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9435):685–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shepherd J, Barter P, Carmena R, et al. Effect of lowering LDL cholesterol substantially below currently recommended levels in patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(6):1220–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Na E, Cho S, Kim DJ, Choi J, Han E. Time-varying and dose-dependent effect of long-term statin use on risk of type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2020;19(1):67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am College Cardiol. 2019;73(24):3168–209.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mach F, Ray KK, Wiklund O, et al. Adverse effects of statin therapy: perception vs. the evidence - focus on glucose homeostasis, cognitive, renal and hepatic function, haemorrhagic stroke and cataract. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(27):2526–39.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barter P, Gotto AM, LaRosa JC, et al. HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(13):1301–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(15):1495–504.

Article  CAS