Abe O, Yamasue H, Yamada H et al (2010) Sex dimorphism in gray/white matter volume and diffusion tensor during normal aging. NMR Biomed 23:446–458

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adam A, De Luca CJ, Erim Z (1998) Hand dominance and motor unit firing behavior. J Neurophysiol 80:1373–1382

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Allen LS, Richey MF, Chai YM, Gorski RA (1991) Sex differences in the corpus callosum of the living human being. J Neurosci 11:933–942

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beaulieu C (2002) The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system - a technical review. NMR Biomed 15:435–455

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bishop P, Cureton K, Collins M (1987) Sex difference in muscular strength in equally-trained men and women. Ergonomics 30:675–687

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Björnholm L, Nikkinen J, Kiviniemi V et al (2017) Structural properties of the human corpus callosum: Multimodal assessment and sex differences. Neuroimage 152:108–118

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boccia G, Martinez-Valdes E, Negro F et al (2019) Motor unit discharge rate and the estimated synaptic input to the vasti muscles is higher in open compared with closed kinetic chain exercise. J Appl Physiol 127:950–958

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Callachan H, Cottrell GA, Hather NY et al (1987) Modulation of the GABAA receptor by progesterone metabolites. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 231:359–369

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carey JR, Bogard CL, King BA, Suman VJ (1994) Finger-movement tracking scores in healthy subjects. Percept Mot Skills 79:563–576

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Conkright WR, O’Leary TJ, Wardle SL et al (2022) Sex differences in the physical performance, physiological, and psycho-cognitive responses to military operational stress. EJSS 22:99–111

PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Luca CJ, Hostage EC (2010) Relationship between firing rate and recruitment threshold of motoneurons in voluntary isometric contractions. J Neurophysiol 104:1034–1046

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De Luca CJ, LeFever RS, McCue MP, Xenakis AP (1982) Behaviour of human motor units in different muscles during linearly varying contractions. J Physiol 329:113–128

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Oliveira DS, Casolo A, Balshaw TG et al (2022) Neural decoding from surface high-density EMG signals: influence of anatomy and synchronization on the number of identified motor units. J Neural Eng. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac823d

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goodlich BI, Del Vecchio A, Kavanagh JJ (2023) Motor unit tracking using blind source separation filters and waveform cross-correlations: reliability under physiological and pharmacological conditions. J Appl Physiol 135:362–374

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo Y, Jones EJ, Inns TB et al (2022) Neuromuscular recruitment strategies of the vastus lateralis according to sex. Acta Physiol 235:e13803

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hanlon CA, McCalley DM (2022) Sex/Gender as a factor that influences transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment outcome: three potential biological explanations. Front Psychiatry 13:869070

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hausmann M, Güntürkün O (1999) Sex differences in functional cerebral asymmetries in a repeated measures design. Brain Cogn 41:263–275

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hausmann M, Behrendt-Körbitz S, Kautz H et al (1998) Sex differences in oral asymmetries during wordrepetition. Neuropsychologia 36:1397–1402

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hebbal GV, Mysorekar VR (2006) Evaluation of some tasks used for specifying handedness and footedness. Percept Mot Skills 102:163–164

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Herda TJ, Miller JD, Wray ME et al (2019) Motor unit firing rates of the first dorsal interosseous differ between male and female children aged 8–10 years. Hum Mov Sci 66:416–424

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holobar A, Farina D (2014) Blind source identification from the multichannel surface electromyogram. Physiol Meas 35:R143–R165

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holobar A, Zazula D (2007) Multichannel blind source separation using convolution kernel compensation. IEEE Trans Signal Process 55:4487–4496

Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Holobar A, Farina D, Gazzoni M et al (2009) Estimating motor unit discharge patterns from high-density surface electromyogram. Clin Neurophysiol 120:551–562

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holobar A, Minetto MA, Farina D (2014) Accurate identification of motor unit discharge patterns from high-density surface EMG and validation with a novel signal-based performance metric. J Neural Eng 11:016008

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hsu J-L, Leemans A, Bai C-H et al (2008) Gender differences and age-related white matter changes of the human brain: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuroimage 39:566–577

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ingalhalikar M, Smith A, Parker D et al (2014) Sex differences in the structural connectome of the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:823–828

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Inglis JG, Gabriel DA (2020) Sex differences in motor unit discharge rates at maximal and submaximal levels of force output. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 45:1197–1207

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Inglis JG, Gabriel DA (2021a) Is the “reverse onion skin” phenomenon more prevalent than we thought during intramuscular myoelectric recordings from low to maximal force outputs? Neurosci Lett 743:135583

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Inglis JG, Gabriel DA (2021b) Sex differences in the modulation of the motor unit discharge rate leads to reduced force steadiness. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 46:1065–1072

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jakobi JM, Haynes EMK, Smart RR (2018) Is there sufficient evidence to explain the cause of sexually dimorphic behaviour in force steadiness? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 43:1207–1214

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jenkins TM, Burness C, Connolly DJ et al (2013) A prospective pilot study measuring muscle volumetric change in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 14:414–423

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kamen G, Greenstein SS, De Luca CJ (1992) Lateral dominance and motor unit firing behavior. Brain Res 576:165–167

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kamen G, Sison SV, Du CC, Patten C (1995) Motor unit discharge behavior in older adults during maximal-effort contractions. J Appl Physiol 79:1908–1913

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanaan RA, Chaddock C, Allin M et al (2014) Gender influence on white matter microstructure: a tract-based spatial statistics analysis. PLoS ONE 9:e91109

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kubo K, Miyamoto M, Tanaka S et al (2009) Muscle and tendon properties during menstrual cycle. Int J Sports Med 30:139–143

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lewis DA, Kamon E, Hodgson JL (1986) Physiological differences between genders implications for sports conditioning. Sports Med 3:357–369

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lulic-Kuryllo T, Inglis JG (2022) Sex differences in motor unit behaviour: a review. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 66:102689

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martinez-Valdes E, Negro F, Farina D, Falla D (2020) Divergent response of low- versus high-threshold motor units to experimental muscle pain. J Physiol 598:2093–2108

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mathew J, Masson GS, Danion FR (2020) Sex differences in visuomotor tracking. Sci Rep 10:11863

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miall RC, Reckess GZ, Imamizu H (2001) The cerebellum coordinates eye and hand tracking movements. Nat Neurosci 4:638–644

Article