Cameron JL. William Stewart Halsted. Our surgical heritage. Ann Surg. 1997;225(5):445–58.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Malangoni MA, Biester TW, Jones AT, Klingensmith ME, Lewis FR. Operative experience of surgery residents: trends and challenges. J Surg Educ. 2013;70(6):783–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

∙Williams RG, George BC, Bohnen JD, Dunnington GL, Fryer JP, Klamen DL, et al. A proposed blueprint for operative performance training, assessment, and certification. Ann Surg. 2021;273(4):701–8. (This article provides a review of procedural skill assessment and proposes a distinct competency-based strategy for residency training assessment where high-frequency procedures be assessed differently from low-frequency procedures.)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stefanidis D, Sevdalis N, Paige J, Zevin B, Aggarwal R, Grantcharov T, et al. Simulation in surgery: what’s needed next? Ann Surg. 2015;261(5):846–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Higgins M, Madan C, Patel R. Development and decay of procedural skills in surgery: a systematic review of the effectiveness of simulation-based medical education interventions. Surgeon. 2021;19(4):e67–77.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ericsson KA. Deliberate practice and the acquisition and maintenance of expert performance in medicine and related domains. Acad Med. 2004;79(10 Suppl):S70-81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

∙Roberts NK, Williams RG, Kim MJ, Dunnington GL. The briefing, intraoperative teaching, debriefing model for teaching in the operating room. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208(2):299–303. (An important article to this review, Roberts et al. define their "BID approach" for peri-procedural teaching.)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lillemoe HA, Lynch KA Jr, Schuller MC, Meier AH, Potts JR 3rd, Fryer JP, et al. Beyond the surgical time-out: a national needs assessment of preoperative communication in US general surgery residency programs. J Surg Educ. 2020;77(6):e172–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anderson CI, Gupta RN, Larson JR, Abubars OI, Kwiecien AJ, Lake AD, et al. Impact of objectively assessing surgeons’ teaching on effective perioperative instructional behaviors. JAMA Surg. 2013;148(10):915–22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lillemoe HA, Stonko DP, George BC, Schuller MC, Fryer JP, Sullivan ME, et al. A preoperative educational time-out is associated with improved resident goal setting and strengthens educational experiences. J Surg Educ. 2020;77(1):18–26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lillemoe HA, Hanna DN, Baregamian N, Solórzano CC, Terhune KP, Geevarghese SK, et al. The use of an educational time-out in thyroid and parathyroid surgery to move the needle in periprocedural education. Surgery. 2023;173(1):84–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bohnen JD, George BC, Williams RG, Schuller MC, DaRosa DA, Torbeck L, et al. The feasibility of real-time intraoperative performance assessment with SIMPL (system for improving and measuring procedural learning): early experience from a multi-institutional trial. J Surg Educ. 2016;73(6):e118–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams RG, Chen X, Sanfey H, Markwell SJ, Mellinger JD, Dunnington GL. The measured effect of delay in completing operative performance ratings on clarity and detail of ratings assigned. J Surg Educ. 2014;71(6):e132–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

∙∙Williams RG, Kim MJ, Dunnington GL. Practice guidelines for operative performance assessments. Ann Surg. 2016;264(6):934–48. (This evidence-based review creates a set of guidelines for assessing operative performance, both for single encounters and for more holistic performance review. )

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gofton WT, Dudek NL, Wood TJ, Balaa F, Hamstra SJ. The Ottawa Surgical Competency Operating Room Evaluation (O-SCORE): a tool to assess surgical competence. Acad Med. 2012;87(10):1401–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Larson JL, Williams RG, Ketchum J, Boehler ML, Dunnington GL. Feasibility, reliability and validity of an operative performance rating system for evaluating surgery residents. Surgery. 2005;138(4):640–7 (discussion 7-9).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

George BC, Teitelbaum EN, Meyerson SL, Schuller MC, DaRosa DA, Petrusa ER, et al. Reliability, validity, and feasibility of the Zwisch scale for the assessment of intraoperative performance. J Surg Educ. 2014;71(6):e90–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stride HP, George BC, Williams RG, Bohnen JD, Eaton MJ, Schuller MC, et al. Relationship of procedural numbers with meaningful procedural autonomy in general surgery residents. Surgery. 2018;163(3):488–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar