Evaluation of antihypertensive activity and molecular docking analysis of Padina boergesenii extract

Hypertension often referred to as a silent killer, is commonly asymptomatic in nature thus identified as a common risk factor in cardiovascular diseases. Renin-Angiotensin converting enzymes system (RAS) is involved in the etiology of hypertension [1]. As a part of RAS, Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) has been a targeted enzyme in medical field. An inactive form of decapeptide, Angiotensin I is produced by catalytic cleavage from angiotensinogen; and is further cleaved to octapeptide angiotensin II by ACE-I. As a potent vasoconstrictor, elevated levels of angiotensin II will consolidate with free radical generation as well as degradation of bradykinin. Drugs called ACE inhibitors stop the production of angiotensin-II, which constricts blood vessels and reduces blood pressure. Thus, a high level of radical scavenging characteristics is crucial for an antihypertensive treatment [2].

Natural products offer noteworthy features as compared to conventional synthetic molecules due to their unique attributes as a significant source of therapeutic phytochemicals and their safety, efficacy, and minimal side effects [3]. They are best source for the development of inhibitors to discover biologically active compounds, and possess vast structural diversity [4]. Now-a-days, researchers are focusing on probing the characteristic sources of pure and natural antioxidant-rich diet materials such as amino acids, polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and flavonoids etc. Phytochemical constituent analysis is the basic landmark for discovering bioactive profile of particular natural source [5]. Primary screening of medicinal natural resources offers essential information on their chemical and pharmacological characteristics using spectrometric and chromatographic methods [6]. Computer-aided approaches have also evolved as improved technologies for drug discovery that can be used in guiding the selection process for pharmaceutical research. Molecular docking is an in silico and cost-effective approach having ability to identify potential drug molecules from large bioactive compound libraries [7].

The marine environment is home to a diverse range of life forms, from single-celled organisms to various types of multicellular organisms, making it a great source of potential drugs. Marine organisms have attracted the attention of chemists and biologists worldwide for the past five decades due to their ability to produce structurally novel and biologically active metabolites [8]. Brown seaweed is known for having essential secondary metabolites. The metabolites produced by the seaweed to protect itself against biotic and abiotic stresses may be turned into medicines that people can use to cure different diseases [9]. Padina boergesenii belongs to the Class-phaeophyceae, possesses a fan-shaped plant body, with fronds developing on short stems from a bulbous holdfast, which are thin and flat, with narrow or broad lobes [10].

Present study was designed to quantify total phenolic and flavonoid contents and to evaluate antioxidant activities in P. boergesenii extracts. Eventually, it is creating path to identify the potential ACE inhibitors, thereby revealing the pharmacological mechanism of potent extract. Identification and characterization of important phyto-constituents using mass chromatographic technique was attempted to describe potential bioactive compounds. An in silico study was carried out to predict the molecular interaction between the ACE enzyme and the selected compounds. To the best of our knowledge, no prior research has been done on the antioxidant activity of seaweed extracts made utilising the Soxhlet extraction technique and five different solvents. There is scope to investigate the potentiality of this species as a medication.

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