Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, Coresh J, Culleton B, Hamm LL, McCullough PA, Kasiske BL, Kelepouris E, Klag MJ, Parfrey P, Pfeffer M, Raij L, Spinosa DJ, Wilson PW (2003) American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 108(17):2154–2169. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000095676.90936.80

Ix JH, Shlipak MG, Liu HH, Schiller NB, Whooley MA (2003) Association between renal insufficiency and inducible ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease: the heart and soul study. J Am Soc Nephrol 14(12):3233–3238. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.asn.0000095642.25603.7a

Law JP, Price AM, Pickup L, Radhakrishnan A, Weston C, Jones AM, McGettrick HM, Chua W, Steeds RP, Fabritz L, Kirchhof P, Pavlovic D, Townend JN, Ferro CJ (2020) Clinical potential of targeting fibroblast growth factor-23 and αKlotho in the treatment of uremia cardiomyopathy. J Am Heart Assoc 9(7):e016041. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.016041

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Lima JJG, Macedo TA, Gowdak LHW, David-Neto E, Bortolotto LA (2022) Diastolic and systolic left ventricular dysfunction and mortality in chronic kidney disease patients on haemodialysis. Nephrology (Carlton) 27(1):66–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/nep.13960

Pecoits-Filho R, Barberato SH (2010) Echocardiography in chronic kidney disease: diagnostic and prognostic implications. Nephron Clin Pract 114(4):c242–247. https://doi.org/10.1159/000276575

Taddei S, Nami R, Bruno RM, Quatrini I, Nuti R (2011) Hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and chronic kidney disease. Heart Fail Rev 16(6):615–620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-010-9197-z

Mall G, Huther W, Schneider J, Lundin P, Ritz E (1990) Diffuse intermyocardiocytic fibrosis in uraemic patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 5(1):39–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/5.1.39

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aoki J, Ikari Y, Nakajima H, Mori M, Sugimoto T, Hatori M, Tanimoto S, Amiya E, Hara K (2005) Clinical and pathologic characteristics of dilated cardiomyopathy in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 67(1):333–340. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00086.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garikapati K, Goh D, Khanna S, Echampati K (2021) Uraemic cardiomyopathy: a review of current literature. Clin Med Insights Cardiol 15:1179546821998347. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179546821998347

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Shapiro JI (2019) Evolving concepts in the pathogenesis of uraemic cardiomyopathy. Nat Rev Nephrol 15(3):159–175. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-018-0101-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gansevoort RT, Correa-Rotter R, Hemmelgarn BR, Jafar TH, Heerspink HJ, Mann JF, Matsushita K, Wen CP (2013) Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk: epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention. Lancet 382(9889):339–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60595-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vallianou NG, Mitesh S, Gkogkou A, Geladari E (2019) Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease: is there any relationship? Curr Cardiol Rev 9;15(1):55–63. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573403X14666180711124825

Kakani E, Elyamny M, Ayach T, El-Husseini A (2019) Pathogenesis and management of vascular calcification in CKD and dialysis patients. Semin Dial 32(6):553–561. https://doi.org/10.1111/sdi.12840

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McIntyre CW, John SG, Jefferies HJ (2008) Advances in the cardiovascular assessment of patients with chronic kidney disease. NDT Plus 1(6):383–391. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndtplus/sfn146

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, Kent GM, Martin CJ, Murray DC, Barre PE (1995) Clinical and echocardiographic disease in patients starting end-stage renal disease therapy. Kidney Int 47(1):186–192. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1995.22

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

London GM, Pannier B, Guerin AP, Blacher J, Marchais SJ, Darne B, Metivier F, Adda H, Safar ME (2001) Alterations of left ventricular hypertrophy and survival of patients receiving hemodialysis: follow-up of an interventional study. J Am Soc Nephrol 12(12):2759–2767. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.V12122759

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zoccali C, Benedetto FA, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G, Giacone G, Cataliotti A, Seminara G, Stancanelli B, Malatino LS (2004) Prognostic value of echocardiographic indicators of left ventricular systolic function in asymptomatic dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 15(4):1029–1037. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.asn.0000117977.14912.91

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McCullough PA, Roberts WC (2016) Influence of chronic renal failure on cardiac structure. J Am Coll Cardiol 67(10):1183–1185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.11.065

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alhaj E, Alhaj N, Rahman I, Niazi TO, Berkowitz R, Klapholz M (2013) Uremic cardiomyopathy: an underdiagnosed disease. Congest Heart Fail 19(4):E40-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/chf.12030

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zoccali C, Moissl U, Chazot C, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G, Arkossy O, Wabel P, Stuard S (2017) Chronic fluid overload and mortality in ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 28(8):2491–2497. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2016121341

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

London GM (2002) Left ventricular alterations and end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17(Suppl 1):29–36. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/17.suppl_1.29

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lambers Heerspink HJ, de Borst MH, Bakker SJ, Navis GJ (2013) Improving the efficacy of RAAS blockade in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 9(2):112–121. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2012.281

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Franssen CF, Navis G (2013) Chronic kidney disease: RAAS blockade and diastolic heart failure in chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 9(4):190–192. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2013.39

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park J (2012) Cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease: role of the sympathetic nervous system. Cardiol Res Pract 2012:319432. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/319432

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schlaich MP, Socratous F, Hennebry S, Eikelis N, Lambert EA, Straznicky N, Esler MD, Lambert GW (2009) Sympathetic activation in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 20(5):933–939. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2008040402

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dzau VJ (1993) Tissue renin-angiotensin system in myocardial hypertrophy and failure. Arch Intern Med 153(8):937–942

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu J, Carretero OA, Liao TD, Peng H, Shesely EG, Xu J, Liu TS, Yang JJ, Reudelhuber TL, Yang XP (2010) Local angiotensin II aggravates cardiac remodeling in hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 299(5):H1328-1338. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00538.2010

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barki-Harrington L, Perrino C, Rockman HA (2004) Network integration of the adrenergic system in cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Res 63(3):391–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.03.011

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grabner A, Faul C (2016) The role of fibroblast growth factor 23 and Klotho in uremic cardiomyopathy. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 25(4):314–324. https://doi.org/10.1097/MNH.0000000000000231

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Quarles LD (2008) Endocrine functions of bone in mineral metabolism regulation. J Clin Invest 118(12):3820–3828. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI36479

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Faul C, Amaral AP, Oskouei B, Hu MC, Sloan A, Isakova T, Gutiérrez OM, Aguillon-Prada R, Lincoln J, Hare JM, Mundel P, Morales A, Scialla J, Fischer M, Soliman EZ, Chen J, Go AS, Rosas SE, Nessel L, Townsend RR, Feldman HI, St John Sutton M, Ojo A, Gadegbeku C, Di Marco GS, Reuter S, Kentrup D, Tiemann K, Brand M, Hill JA, Moe OW, Kuro-O M, Kusek JW, Keane MG, Wolf M (2011) FGF23 induces left ventricular hypertrophy. J Clin Invest 121(11):4393–4408. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI46122

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mitsnefes MM, Betoko A, Schneider MF, Salusky IB, Wolf MS, Jüppner H, Warady BA, Furth SL, Portale AA (2018) FGF23 and left ventricular hypertrophy in children with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 13(1):45–52

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu MC, Shi M, Cho HJ, Adams-Huet B, Paek J, Hill K, Shelton J, Amaral AP, Faul C, Taniguchi M, Wolf M (1015) Klotho and phosphate are modulators of pathologic uremic cardiac remodeling. J Am Soc Nephrol 26(6):1290–302. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2014050465

Hu MC, Shiizaki K, Kuro-o M, Moe OW (2013) Fibroblast growth factor 23 and Klotho: physiology and pathophysiology of an endocrine network of mineral metabolism. Annu Rev Physiol 75:503–533. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183727

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schlüter KD, Piper HM (1998) Cardiovascular actions of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Cardiovasc Res 37(1):34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6363(97)00194-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schlüter KD, Piper HM (1998) Left ventricular hypertrophy and parathyroid hormone: a causal connection? Cardiovasc Res 39(2):523–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6363(98)00097-2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tzikos G, Doundoulakis I, Doutsini S, Adamidou F, Zafeiropoulos S, Koliastasis L, Manani C, Pliakos I, Papavramidis T (2023) Effects of parathyroidectomy on left ventricular mass in patients with hyperparathyroidism. Cureus 15(1):e33429. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33429

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stefenelli T, Abela C, Frank H, Koller-Strametz J, Globits S, Bergler-Klein J, Niederle B (1997) Cardiac abnormalities in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: implications for follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82(1):106–112. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.82.1.3666

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tzikos G, Doundoulakis I, Doutsini S, Adamidou F, Zafeiropoulos S, Koliastasis L, Manani C, Pliakos I, Papavramidis T (2023) Effect of parathyroidectomy on left ventricular mass index in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Cureus 5(1):e33429. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33429

Article  Google Scholar 

Nasri H, Baradaran A, Naderi AS (2004) Close association between parathyroid hormone and left ventricular function and structure in end-stage renal failure patients under maintenance hemodialysis. Bratisl Lek Listy 105(10–11):368–373

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shinohara K, Shoji T, Emoto M, Tahara H, Koyama H, Ishimura E, Miki T, Tabata T, Nishizawa Y (2002) Insulin resistance as an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease 13(7):1894–1900. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.asn.0000019900.87535.43

Article  Google Scholar 

Becker B, Kronenberg F, Kielstein JT, Haller H, Morath C, Ritz E, Fliser D (2005) MMKD Study Group. Renal insulin resistance syndrome, adiponectin and cardiovascular events in patients with kidney d