Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, Jemal A (2023) Cancer statistics, 2023. CA A Cancer J Clin 73(1):17–48

Article  Google Scholar 

Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F (2021) Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 71(3):209–249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization (WHO) (2019) Cancer prevention. https://www.who.int/cancer/prevention/en/. Accessed 24 May 2019

Giovannucci E, Harlan DM, Archer MC et al (2010) Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report. Diabetes Care 33(7):1674–1685

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang Y, Cai X, Qiu M et al (2014) Prediabetes and the risk of cancer: a meta-analysis. Diabetologia 57(11):2261–2269

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crispo A, Augustin LSA, Grimaldi M et al (2017) Risk differences between prediabetes and diabetes according to breast cancer molecular subtypes. J Cell Physiol 232(5):1144–1150

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rentsch CT, Farmer RE, Eastwood SV et al (2020) Risk of 16 cancers across the full glycemic spectrum: a population-based cohort study using the UK Biobank. BMJ Open Diabet Res Care 8(1):e001600

Article  Google Scholar 

Lipscombe LL, Goodwin PJ, Zinman B, McLaughlin JR, Hux JE (2006) Increased prevalence of prior breast cancer in women with newly diagnosed diabetes. Breast Cancer Res Treat 98(3):303–309

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dall GV, Britt KL (2017) Estrogen effects on the mammary gland in early and late life and breast cancer risk. Front Oncol 7:110

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cerf ME (2013) Beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 4:37

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giovannucci E, Harlan DM, Archer MC et al (2010) Diabetes and cancer. Diabet Care 33(7):1674–1685

Article  Google Scholar 

Tsilidis KK, Kasimis JC, Lopez DS, Ntzani EE, Ioannidis JPA (2015) Type 2 diabetes and cancer: umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies. BMJ. 350:g7607–g7607

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Papa V, Pezzino V, Costantino A et al (1990) Elevated insulin receptor content in human breast cancer. J Clin Invest 86(5):1503–1510

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Colditz GA et al (1998) Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I and risk of breast cancer. The Lancet 351(9113):1393–1396

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hursting SD, Lashinger LM, Colbert LH et al (2007) Energy balance and carcinogenesis: underlying pathways and targets for intervention. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 7(5):484–491

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Coussens LM, Werb Z (2002) Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420(6917):860–867

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mauro C, Smith J, Cucchi D et al (2017) Obesity-induced metabolic stress leads to biased effector memory cd4 + t cell differentiation via pi3k p110δ-akt-mediated signals. Cell Metab 25(3):593–609

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lengyel E, Makowski L, DiGiovanni J, Kolonin MG (2018) Cancer as a matter of fat: the crosstalk between adipose tissue and tumors. Trends Cancer 4(5):374–384

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Salinas-Martínez AM, Flores-Cortés LI, Cardona-Chavarría JM et al (2014) Prediabetes, diabetes, and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study. Arch Med Res 45(5):432–438

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rehman A, Nourooz-Zadeh J, Möller W, Tritschler H, Pereira P, Halliwell B (1999) Increased oxidative damage to all DNA bases in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. FEBS Lett 448(1):120–122

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xue G, Hemmings BA (2013) Pkb/akt-dependent regulation of cell motility. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 105(6):393–404

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang ZY, Di MY, Yuan JQ et al (2015) The prognostic value of phosphorylated Akt in breast cancer: a systematic review. Sci Rep 5(1):7758

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hirose K, Toyama T, Iwata H, Takezaki T, Hamajima N, Tajima K (2003) Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I and breast cancer risk in Japanese women. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 4(3):239–246

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garmendia ML, Pereira A, Alvarado ME, Atalah E (2007) Relation between insulin resistance and breast cancer among Chilean women. Ann Epidemiol 17(6):403–409

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang G, Lu G, Jin F et al (2001) Population-based, case-control study of blood C-peptide level and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10(11):1207–1211

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kobayashi D, Kuriyama N, Noto H, Aida A, Takahashi O, Shimbo T (2020) Development of malignancies and changes in time-dependent hemoglobin A1c among a nondiabetic population: longitudinal analysis. Acta Diabetol 57(2):189–196

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin J, Ridker PM, Rifai N et al (2006) A prospective study of hemoglobin A1c concentrations and risk of breast cancer in women. Cancer Res 66(5):2869–2875

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Michels KB, Solomon CG, Hu FB et al (2003) Type 2 diabetes and subsequent incidence of breast cancer in the nurses’ health study. Diabetes Care 26(6):1752–1758

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dupont J, Karas M, LeRoith D (2000) The potentiation of estrogen on insulin-like growth factor I action in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells includes cell cycle components. J Biol Chem 275(46):35893–35901

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lai A, Sarcevic B, Prall OW, Sutherland RL (2001) Insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I and estrogen cooperate to stimulate cyclin E-Cdk2 activation and cell Cycle progression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells through differential regulation of cyclin E and p21(Waf1/cip1). J Biol Chem 276(28):25823–25833

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bartucci M, Morelli C, Mauro L, Andò S, Surmacz E (2001) Differential insulin-like growth factor I receptor signaling and function in estrogen receptor (Er)-positive MCF-7 and ER-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 61(18):6747–6754

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cust AE, Stocks T, Lukanova A et al (2009) The influence of overweight and insulin resistance on breast cancer risk and tumour stage at diagnosis: a prospective study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 113(3):567–576

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cordero-Franco HF, Salinas-Martínez AM, Abundis A, Espinosa-Flores EM, Vázquez-Lara J, Guerrero-Romero F (2014) The effect of insulin resistance on breast cancer risk in Latinas of Mexican origin. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 12(9):477–483

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Onitilo AA, Stankowski RV, Berg RL et al (2014) Breast cancer incidence before and after diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women: increased risk in the prediabetes phase. Eur J Cancer Prev 23(2):76–83

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leone A, Di Gennaro E, Bruzzese F, Avallone A, Budillon A (2014) New perspective for an old antidiabetic drug: metformin as anticancer agent. Cancer Treat Res 159:355–376

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar