Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland

Priyanka Choudhary, Ville Karhunen, Justiina Ronkainen, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Marko Kantomaa & Sylvain Sebert

The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Giulietta S. Monasso, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe & Janine F. Felix

Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Giulietta S. Monasso, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe & Janine F. Felix

Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Ville Karhunen

Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Giulia Mancano & Gemma Sharp

Bristol Medical School Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Giulia Mancano & Gemma Sharp

Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA

Caitlin G. Howe

Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Zhongzheng Niu & Carrie V. Breton

Glotech, Inc., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA

Xuehuo Zeng

Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA

Weihua Guan

Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

John Dou & Kelly M. Bakulski

Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, USA

Jason I. Feinberg & M. Daniele Fallin

Department of Medical Micriobiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA

Charles Mordaunt & Janine M. LaSalle

Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases (EPAR) team, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, Institute Pierre Louis d’Epidemiologie et Sante Publique (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université and INSERM, Paris, France

Giancarlo Pesce

Paris-Saclay University, Paris-South University, UVSQ, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, Villejuif, France

Giancarlo Pesce

Institute Desbrest of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Montpellier and INSERM, Montpellier, France

Nour Baïz & Isabella Annesi-Maesano

Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium

Rossella Alfano, Dries S. Martens, Congrong Wang, Tim S. Nawrot & Michelle Plusquin

Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Torino, Italy

Elena Isaevska

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Elina Keikkala, Sanna Mustaniemi & Marja Vääräsmäki

Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Public Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland

Elina Keikkala, Sanna Mustaniemi, Marja Vääräsmäki & Eero Kajantie

Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Chris H. L. Thio, Eliza Fraszczyk, Harold Snieder & Eva Corpeleijn

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Elmar W. Tobi & Regine P. M. Steegers-Theunissen

Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA

Anne P. Starling, Ivana V. Yang & Dana Dabelea

Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA

Anne P. Starling & Dana Dabelea

Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Anne P. Starling

ISGlobal (Barcelona Institute for Global Health), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain

Marta Cosin-Tomas, Jose Urquiza & Serena Fossati

Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain

Marta Cosin-Tomas, Jose Urquiza & Serena Fossati

CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain

Marta Cosin-Tomas, Jose Urquiza & Serena Fossati

Department for Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Leipzig, Germany

Stefan Röder, Ana C. Zenclussen & Gunda Herberth

Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

Thanh T. Hoang & Stephanie J. London

Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

Christian Page, Maria Magnus & Siri E. Håberg

Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Section for Research Support, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

Christian Page

Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA

Dereje D. Jima, John S. House & Cathrine Hoyo

Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA

Dereje D. Jima

Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA

John S. House

Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

Rachel L. Maguire & Cathrine Hoyo

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA

Rachel L. Maguire & Susan K. Murphy

Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany

Raffael Ott, Xenia Pawlow, Anette-G Ziegler & Sandra Hummel

Forschergruppe Diabetes eV, Neuherberg, Germany

Raffael Ott, Xenia Pawlow, Anette-G Ziegler & Sandra Hummel

Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

Lea Sirignano, Lea Zillich, Stephanie H. Witt, Fabian Streit & Josef Frank

Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Anni Malmberg, Katri Räikkönen & Jari Lahti

Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia

Sebastian Rauschert & Rae-chi Huang

Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia

Phillip Melton

University of Western Australia, School of Population and Global Health, Perth, WA, Australia

Phillip Melton

Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Tong Gong, Robert Karlsson & Catarina Almqvist

Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA

Ruby Fore & Marie-France Hivert

Department of Epidemiology and the Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA

Wei Perng

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

Zachary M. Laubach

Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2+10, 80804, Munich, Germany

Darina Czamara

School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

Gemma Sharp

Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Enrique Schisterman & Sunni L. Mumford

Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA

Edwina Yeung & Sunni L. Mumford

Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Davis, CA, USA

Rebecca J. Schmidt

Université de Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), F-75004, Paris, France

Barbara Heude

Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France

Akram Ghantous & Zdenko Herceg

Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy

Lorenza Nisticò

Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Marina Vafeiadi

Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain

Manolis Kogevinas

Centro de Investigación Biomédicaen Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain

Manolis Kogevinas

Clinical Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Eero Kajantie

Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

Eero Kajantie

Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA

Ivana V. Yang

Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA

Ivana V. Yang

Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA

Dana Dabelea

Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

Monica Cheng Munthe-Kaas

Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

Monica Cheng Munthe-Kaas

Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Forschergruppe Diabetes at Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany

Anette-G Ziegler & Sandra Hummel

Center for Innovative Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Research, Biobank, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

Stephanie H. Witt

Edith Cowan University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Joondalup, WA, Australia

Rae-chi Huang

Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit at Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Catarina Almqvist

Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Marie-France Hivert

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC–PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK

Marjo-Riitta Järvelin

Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK

Marjo-Riitta Järvelin

SS, PC, and JF conceptualised and designed the study. PC, SS, and JF prepared the original protocol. PC, SS, JF, GSM, VK, and MK coordinated the project. PC, GSM, and VK did the data management and analysis. PC and GSM led the quality control of data. PC, SS, JF, VK, GSM, and MK wrote the manuscript with input from all co-authors. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the findings. All authors critically revised the paper for intellectual content and approved the final version of the manuscript. All authors had full access to all the data in the study, although not all authors will have accessed the totality of the data; rather, they will have accessed their own site data. PC, GSM, SS, JF and VK take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. All authors had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.