Ong KL, Stafford LK, McLaughlin SA et al. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet. 2023;402(10397):203–234.

Leon BM, Maddox TM. Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: epidemiology, biological mechanisms, treatment recommendations and future research. World J Diabetes. 2015;6(13):1246.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Collaboration ERF. Diabetes Mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular Disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. The Lancet. 2010;375(9733):2215–22.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bruemmer D, Nissen SE. Prevention and management of Cardiovascular Disease in patients with Diabetes: current challenges and opportunities. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metabolism. 2020;9(3):81.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Birdee GS, Yeh G. Complementary and alternative medicine therapies for Diabetes: a clinical review. Clin Diabetes. 2010;28(4):147–55.

Article  Google Scholar 

Radwan H, Hasan H, Hamadeh R, Hashim M, AbdulWahid Z, Hassanzadeh Gerashi M, Al Hilali M, Naja F. Complementary and alternative medicine use among patients with type 2 Diabetes living in the United Arab Emirates. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):1–12.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hussain H, Wattoo FH, Wattoo MHS, Gulfraz M, Masud T, Shah I, Ali S, Alavi SE. Camel milk as an alternative treatment regimen for Diabetes therapy. Food Sci Nutr. 2021;9(3):1347–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheikh Ismail L, Osaili TM, Mohamad MN, Zakaria H, Ali A, Tarek A, Ashfaq A, Al Abdouli MA, Saleh ST, Daour RA, AlRajaby R, Stojanovska L. Al Dhaheri, Camel milk consumption patterns and perceptions in the UAE: a cross-sectional study. J Nutr Sci. 2022;11:e59.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

El-Kebbi IM, Bidikian NH, Hneiny L, Nasrallah MP. Epidemiology of type 2 Diabetes in the Middle East and North Africa: challenges and call for action. World J Diabetes. 2021;12(9):1401–25.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alawadi F, Hassanein M, Suliman E, Hamid Y, Hussain H, Mamdouh G, Ibrahim W, Al Faisal N, Monsef M, Farghaly. The prevalence of Diabetes and pre-diabetes among the Dubai Population: findings from Dubai Household Health Surveys, 2014 and 2017. Dubai Diabetes and Endocrinology Journal. 2020;26(2):78–84.

Article  Google Scholar 

Faris ME, Ghazzawi H. Health-Improving and Disease-Preventing Potential of Camel Milk Against Chronic Diseases and Autism: Camel Milk and Chronic Diseases, Handbook of Research on Health and Environmental Benefits of Camel Products, IGI Global2020, pp. 155–184.

Amr AM, Takruri HR, Shomaf MS, Alhaj OA, Al-Islam Me, Faris E, Abdel-Rahman WM. Fermented camel (Camelus dromedarius) and bovine milk attenuate azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in Fischer 344 rats, (2018).

Mohammadabadi T. The unique effects of camel milk as adjunctive super food on the health, World J Pharm Sci (2021) 97–106.

Muthukumaran MS, Mudgil P, Baba WN, Ayoub MA, Maqsood S. A comprehensive review on health benefits, nutritional composition and processed products of camel milk, Food Reviews International (2022) 1–37.

Agrawal RP, Agrawal R, Faris ME, Ghazzawi HA. Potential anti-diabetic effect of camel milk, Handbook of Research on health and environmental benefits of camel products, IGI Global2020, pp. 185–196.

AlKurd R, Hanash N, Khalid N, Abdelrahim DN, Khan MA, Mahrous L, Radwan H, Naja F, Madkour M, Obaideen K. Effect of camel milk on glucose homeostasis in patients with Diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients. 2022;14(6):1245.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abdalla K, Fadlalla A. Effects of Sudanese Dromedary’s Camel Raw milk on insulin doses and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Type 1 Diabetic patients. J Biomol Res Ther. 2018;7(159):2.

Google Scholar 

Abdalla K. An overview of the therapeutic effects of camel milk in the treatment of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Biomol Res Therap. 2014;3:118–24.

Google Scholar 

Abdalla KO. Treatment of incurable ailments with Camel’s milk and urine, based on Scientific Research, book in Arabic (ElaajAlamraadAlmostasia Be-labanwa-. Sudan: Int’l University of Africa Press; 2012. bool Al-ebeel, Be-esbaat Albahth Al-elmi.

Google Scholar 

Shori AB. Camel milk as a potential therapy for controlling Diabetes and its Complications: a review of in vivo studies. J Food Drug Anal. 2015;23(4):609–18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schofield JD, Liu Y, Rao-Balakrishna P, Malik RA, Soran H. Diabetes Dyslipidemia Diabetes Ther. 2016;7(2):203–19.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Penhaligan J, Poppitt SD, Miles-Chan JL. The role of bovine and Non-bovine Milk in Cardiometabolic Health: should we raise the Baa? Nutrients. 2022;14(2):290.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bakry IA, Yang L, Farag MA, Korma SA, Khalifa I, Cacciotti I, Ziedan NI, Jin J, Jin Q, Wei W. A comprehensive review of the composition, nutritional value, and functional properties of camel milk fat. Foods. 2021;10(9):2158.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

ALHaj O, ALKanhal H. Compositional, technological and nutritional aspects of dromedary camel milk-review. Int Dairy J. 2010;20(12):811–21.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Salwa MQ, Lina AK. Antigenotoxic and anticytotoxic effect of camel milk in mice treated with cisplatin. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2010;17(2):159–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ereifej KI, Alu’datt MH, AlKhalidy HA, Alli I, Rababah T. Comparison and characterisation of fat and protein composition for camel milk from eight Jordanian locations. Food Chem. 2011;127(1):282–9.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mohamad RH, Zekry ZK, Al-Mehdar HA, Salama O, El-Shaieb SE, El-Basmy AA, Al-said MGAM, Sharawy SM. Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 Diabetes: verification of a traditional ethnomedical practice. J Med Food. 2009;12(2):461–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Juboori A, Mohammed M, Rashid J, Kurian J, Refaey SE. Nutritional and medicinal value of camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk. WIT Trans Ecol Environ. 2013;170:221–32.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ali Redha A, Valizadenia H, Siddiqui SA, Maqsood S. A state-of-art review on camel milk proteins as an emerging source of bioactive peptides with diverse nutraceutical properties. Food Chem. 2022;373:131444.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Izadi A, Khedmat L, Mojtahedi SY. Nutritional and therapeutic perspectives of camel milk and its protein hydrolysates: a review on versatile biofunctional properties. J Funct Foods. 2019;60:103441.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sboui A, Atig C, Khabir A, Hammadi M, Khorchani T. Camel milk used as an adjuvant therapy to treat type 2 diabetic patients: effects on blood glucose, HbA1c, cholesterol, and TG levels. J Chem. 2022;2022:1–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zheng Y, Wu F, Zhang M, Fang B, Zhao L, Dong L, Zhou X, Ge S. Hypoglycemic effect of camel milk powder in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Food Sci Nutr. 2021;9(8):4461–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ejtahed HS, Naslaji AN, Mirmiran P, Yeganeh MZ, Hedayati M, Azizi F, Movahedi AM. Effect of camel milk on blood sugar and lipid profile of patients with type 2 Diabetes: a pilot clinical trial, Int J Endocrinol Metabolism 13(1) (2015).

Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 2010;8(5):336–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Juni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, Savovic J, Schulz KF, Weeks L, Sterne JAC. The Cochrane collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2011;343(oct18 2):d5928–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McGuinness LA, Higgins JP. Risk-of‐bias VISualization (robvis): an R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk‐of‐bias assessments. Res Synthesis Methods. 2021;12(1):55–61.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cooper H, Hedges L, Valentine J. Chap. 12, effect sizes for continuous data, the handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis. 2nd ed. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 2009. pp. 221–35.

Google Scholar 

Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21(11):1539–58.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lau J, Ioannidis JPA, Terrin N, Schmid CH, Olkin I. The case of the misleading funnel plot. BMJ. 2006;333(7568):597–600.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill Method of Accounting for Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis. J Am Stat Assoc. 2000;95(449):89–98.

Google Scholar 

Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions in. : Higgins TJ, Chandler JPT, Cumpston J, Li M, Page T, Welch MJ VA, editors. (Ed.) 2021.

Margdarinejad M, Sanagoo A, Zadeh FM, Amirkhanloo S, Eshghinia S, Jouybari L. Effect of camel milk in comparison with cow milk on blood glucose and lipid profile in patients with type 2 Diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. J Nurs Midwifery Sci. 2021;8(1):15.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fallah Z, Ejtahed H-S, Mirmiran P, Naslaji AN, Movahedi AM, Azizi F. Effect of camel milk on glycaemic control and lipid profile of patients with type 2 Diabetes: Randomised controlled clinical trial. Int Dairy J. 2020;101:104568.

Article  Google Scholar 

Abdalla K, Fadlalla A, Ahmed M. Effect of camel milk on lipid metabolism in type 1 diabetic patients. Biomed Res Rev. 2018;1(1):102.

Google Scholar 

Fallah Z, Feizi A, Hashemipour M, Kelishadi R. Positive Effect of Fermented Camel Milk on liver enzymes of adolescents with metabolic syndrome: a double blind, Randomized, cross-over trial. Materia Socio-Medica. 2018;30(1):20.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shareha AM, Abujnah YS, Gnan SO, Elhririg MA. Effect of raw camel milk on type 2 diabetic patients, Libyan J Agric 21(1–2) (2017).

El-Sayed M, Al-Shoeibi Z, El-Ghany A, Atef Z. Effects of camels milk as a vehicle for insulin on glycaemic control and lipid profile in type 1 diabetics. Am J Biochem Biotechnol. 2011;7(4):179–89.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang S, Liang J, Song N, Shao W, Heng H. Effect of raw camel milk in type 2 Diabetes animal models and patients: ten months randomised study. J Camel Pract Res. 2009;16(1):107–13.