Licciardone JC. The epidemiology and medical management of low back pain during ambulatory medical care visits in the United States. Osteopath Med Prim Care. 2008;2:1–17.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Agans RP, Jackman AM, Darter JD, Wallace AS, et al. The rising prevalence of chronic low back pain. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(3):251–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maniadakis N, Gray A. The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain. 2000;84(1):95–103.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krath A, Klüter T, Stukenberg M, Zielhardt P, Gollwitzer H, Harrasser N, et al. Electromagnetic transduction therapy in non-specific low back pain: A prospective randomised controlled trial. J Orthop [Internet]. 2017;14(3):410–5.

Noorduyn JCA, van de Graaf VA, Mokkink LB, Willigenburg NW, Poolman RW, Scholtes VAB, et al. Responsiveness and Minimal Important Change of the IKDC of Middle-Aged and Older Patients With a Meniscal Tear. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47(2):364–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maher C, Underwood M, Buchbinder R. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2017;389(10070):736–47.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erick PN, Smith DR. Low back pain among school teachers in Botswana, prevalence and risk factors. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15(1):1–13.

Article  Google Scholar 

Balagué F, Mannion AF, Pellisé F, Cedraschi C. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2012;379(9814):482–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: A clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(7):514–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fini M, Giavaresi G, Carpi A, Nicolini A, Setti S, Giardino R. Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on articular hyaline cartilage: Review of experimental and clinical studies. Biomed Pharmacother. 2005;59(7):388–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ieran M, Zaffuto S, Bagnacani M, Annovi M, Moratti A, Cadossi R. Effect of low frequency pulsing electromagnetic fields on skin ulcers of venous origin in humans: A double blind study. J Orthop Res. 1990;8(2):276–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Markovic L, Wagner B, Crevenna R. Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy on outcomes associated with osteoarthritis: A systematic review of systematic reviews. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2022;134(11–12:425–33.

Article  Google Scholar 

Foley KT, Mroz TE, Arnold PM, Chandler Jr. HC, Dixon RA, Girasole GJ, et al. Randomized, prospective, and controlled clinical trial of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation for cervical fusion. Spine J [Internet]. 2008;8(3):436–42.

Hedén P, Pilla AA. Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on postoperative pain: A double-blind randomized pilot study in breast augmentation patients. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2008;32(4):660–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7).

Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Elkins M. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther. 2003;83(8):713–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Morton NA. The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study. Aust J Physiother [Internet]. 2009;55(2):129–33.

Abdelbasset WK, Nambi G, Elsayed SH, Soliman GS, Alessi AA, Alsalem IN, et al. A Prospective Comparative Study of Pulsed High-Intensity Laser Therapy and Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Chronic Nonspecific Low Back. Pain Photobiomodulation Photomed Laser Surg. 2021;39(5):362–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Abdelhalim NM, Samhan AF, Abdelbasset WK. Short-Term impacts of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy in middle-aged university’s employees with non-specific low back pain: A pilot study. Pakistan J Med Sci [Internet]. 2019;35(4):987–91.

Alzayed KA, Alsaadi SM. Efficacy of pulsed low-frequency magnetic field therapy on patients with chronic low back pain: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Asian Spine J. 2020;14(1):33–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Auger K, Shedlock G, Coutinho K, Myers NE, Lorenzo S. Effects of osteopathic manipulative treatment and bio-electromagnetic energy regulation therapy on lower back pain. J Osteopath Med. 2021;121(6):561–9.

Elshiwi AM, Hamada HA, Mosaad D, Ragab IMA, Koura GM, Alrawaili SM. Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field on nonspecific low back pain patients: a randomized controlled trial. Brazilian J Phys Ther. 2019;23(3):244–9.

Lee PB, Kim YC, Lim YJ, Lee CJ, Choi SS, Park SH, et al. Efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic therapy for chronic lower back pain: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Int Med Res [Internet]. 2006;34(2):160–7.

Lisi AJ, Scheinowitz M, Saporito R, Onorato A. A Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy Device for Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Pilot Randomized Controlled. Trial Pain Ther [internet]. 2019;8(1):133–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yaşar MF, Demirci ZŞ. Comparison of the effectiveness of interferential current and PEMF treatments in patients with chronic mechanical low back pain. Northwest Med J. 2022;2(1):23–31.

Essery R, Geraghty AWA, Kirby S, Yardley L. Predictors of adherence to home-based physical therapies: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil [Internet]. 2017 Mar 13;39(6):519–34.

Chiarotto A, Deyo RA, Terwee CB, Boers M, Buchbinder R, Corbin TP, et al. Core outcome domains for clinical trials in non-specific low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2015;24(6):1127–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chiarotto A, Terwee CB, Ostelo RW. Choosing the right outcome measurement instruments for patients with low back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2016;1;30(6):1003–20. Dec.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Viliani T, Ricci E, Mangone G, Graziani C, Pasquetti P. Effects of Hilterapia vs. Viscosupplementation in knee osteoarthritis patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Energy Heal. 2009;3:14–7.

Google Scholar 

Verma S, Esht V, Chahal A, Kapoor G, Sharma S, Alghadir AH, et al. Effectiveness of High Power Laser Therapy on Pain and Isokinetic Peak Torque in Athletes with Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy: A Randomized Trial. Biomed Res Int. 2022;.

Gur A, Karakoc M, Cevik R, Nas K, Sarac AJ, Karakoc M. Efficacy of low power laser therapy and exercise on pain and functions in chronic low back pain. Lasers Surg Med. 2003;1;32(3):233–8. Mar.

Article  Google Scholar 

Licciardone JC, Minotti DE, Gatchel RJ, Kearns CM, Singh KP. Osteopathic manual treatment and ultrasound therapy for chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Fam Med. 2013;11(2):122–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Franke H, Franke J‑D, Fryer G. Osteopathic manipulative treatment for nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15(1):286.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hurley DA, Minder PM, McDonough SM, Walsh DM, Moore AP, Baxter DG. Interferential therapy electrode placement technique in acute low back pain: A preliminary investigation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;1;82(4):485–93. Apr.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

CA B. Fundamental and practical aspects of therapeutic uses of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs). Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 1989;17(5):451–529.

Sun X, Huang L, Wang L, Fu C, Zhang Q, Cheng H, et al. Efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic field on pain and physical function in patients with low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2022;36(5):636–49.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Andrade R, Duarte H, Pereira R, Lopes I, Pereira H, Rocha R, et al. Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy effectiveness in low back pain: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Porto Biomed J. 2016;1(5):156–63.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Coats TL, Borenstein DG, Nangia NK, Brown MT. Effects of valdecoxib in the treatment of chronic low back pain: Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Ther. 2004;26(8):1249–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pallay RM, Seger W, Adler JL, Ettlinger RE, Quaidoo EA, Lipetz R, et al. Etoricoxib reduced pain and disability and improved quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain: A 3 month, randomized, controlled trial. Scand J Rheumatol. 2004;33(4):257–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trock DH, Bollet AJ, Markoll R. The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and cervical spine. Report of randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trials. J Rheumatol. 1994;21(10):1903–11.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lednev. Possible mechanism for the influence of weak magnetic fields on biological systems. Bioelectromagnetics. 1991;12(2):71–5.

Lee EWC, Maffulli N, Li CK, Chan KM. Pulsed magnetic and electromagnetic fields in experimental achilles tendonitis in the rat: A prospective randomized study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil [Internet]. 1997 Apr 1;78(4):399–404.

Goodman R, Bassett CAL, Henderson AS. Pulsing electromagnetic fields induce cellular transcription. Science. 1983;220(4603):1283–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sakai A, Suzuki K, Nakamura T, Norimura T, Tsuchiya T. Effects of pulsing electromagnetic fields on cultured cartilage cells. Int Orthop. 1991;15(4):341–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McCarthy CJ, Callaghan MJ, Oldham JA. Pulsed electromagnetic energy treatment offers no clinical benefit in reducing the pain of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2006;7(1):51.

Moher D, Fortin P, Jadad AR, Peter J, Linde K, Penna A, et al. than English : implications for conduct and reporting of systematic reviews. Lancet. 1996;347:363–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morrison A, Polisena J, Husereau D, Moulton K, Clark M, Fiander M, et al. The effect of english-language restriction on systematic review-based meta-analyses: A systematic review of empirical studies. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2012;28(2):138–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar