Invasive fungal disease (IFD) is a major complication in modern medicine, affecting predominantly individuals with impaired host defenses, such as patients with hematologic malignancies, organ transplant recipients, patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs for the treatment of various conditions, patients infected by HIV, and critically ill patients (Antinori et al., 2018). Filamentous fungi are widely encountered in nature, including soil, plants, water, and air. Immunocompromised patients in close contact with molds may develop IFD, especially through inhalation of fungal spores dispersed in the air.

The most frequent IFD caused by molds is aspergillosis. However, infection by non-Aspergillus molds has been increasingly reported. In this article, we will review IFD caused by non-Aspergillus molds, focusing on practical aspects related to their epidemiology, diagnosis, and management.