Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:209–49.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rice TW, Patil DT, Blackstone EH. 8th edition AJCC/UICC staging of cancers of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction: application to clinical practice. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2017;6:119–30.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gamliel Z, Krasna MJ. Multimodality treatment of esophageal cancer. Surg Clin North Am. 2005;85:621–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

NCCN Guidelines Version 3.2023: Esophageal and Esophagogastric Junction Cancers [https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1433]

Takakusagi Y, Kano K, Shima S, Tsuchida K, Mizoguchi N, Katoh H, Kamada T, Taniuchi R, Iino M, Aoshika T, et al. Clinical outcomes of radiotherapy in elderly and younger patients with T4 esophageal cancer: a retrospective single-center analysis. Anticancer Res. 2022;42:2095–104.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cooper JS, Guo MD, Herskovic A, Macdonald JS, Martenson JA Jr, Al-Sarraf M, Byhardt R, Russell AH, Beitler JJ, Spencer S, et al. Chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced esophageal cancer: long-term follow-up of a prospective randomized trial (RTOG 85–01). Radiat Ther Oncol Group JAMA. 1999;281:1623–7.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Shapiro J, van Lanschot JJB, Hulshof M, van Hagen P, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Wijnhoven BPL, van Laarhoven HWM, Nieuwenhuijzen GAP, Hospers GAP, Bonenkamp JJ, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for oesophageal or junctional cancer (CROSS): long-term results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:1090–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Makino T, Yamasaki M, Tanaka K, Tatsumi M, Takiguchi S, Hatazawa J, Mori M, Doki Y. Importance of positron emission tomography for assessing the response of primary and metastatic lesions to induction treatments in T4 esophageal cancer. Surgery. 2017;162:836–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ohtsu A, Boku N, Muro K, Chin K, Muto M, Yoshida S, Satake M, Ishikura S, Ogino T, Miyata Y, et al. Definitive chemoradiotherapy for T4 and/or M1 lymph node squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2915–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fujita H, Sueyoshi S, Tanaka T, Tanaka Y, Matono S, Mori N, Shirouzu K, Yamana H, Suzuki G, Hayabuchi N, Matsui M. Esophagectomy: is it necessary after chemoradiotherapy for a locally advanced T4 esophageal cancer? Prospective nonrandomized trial comparing chemoradiotherapy with surgery versus without surgery. World J Surg. 2005;29:25–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Satake H, Tahara M, Mochizuki S, Kato K, Hara H, Yokota T, Kiyota N, Kii T, Chin K, Zenda S, et al. A prospective, multicenter phase I/II study of induction chemotherapy with docetaxel, cisplatin and fluorouracil (DCF) followed by chemoradiotherapy in patients with unresectable locally advanced esophageal carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2016;78:91–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yamaguchi S, Morita M, Yamamoto M, Egashira A, Kawano H, Kinjo N, Tsujita E, Minami K, Ikebe M, Ikeda Y, et al. Long-term outcome of definitive chemoradiotherapy and induction chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for T4 esophageal cancer with tracheobronchial invasion. Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25:3280–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao LR, Li C, Han W, Ni W, Deng W, Tan L, Zhou Z, Chen D, Feng Q, Liang J, et al. Survival benefit of surgery in patients with clinical T4 esophageal cancer who achieved complete or partial response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2022;14:17588359221108692.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shimoji H, Karimata H, Nagahama M, Nishimaki T. Induction chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy followed by radical esophagectomy for T4 esophageal cancer: results of a prospective cohort study. World J Surg. 2013;37:2180–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

He H, Chen N, Hou Y, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Fu J. Trends in the incidence and survival of patients with esophageal cancer: a SEER database analysis. Thorac Cancer. 2020;11:1121–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ji Y, Du X, Zhu W, Yang Y, Ma J, Zhang L, Li J, Tao H, Xia J, Yang H, et al. Efficacy of concurrent chemoradiotherapy with s-1 vs radiotherapy alone for older patients with esophageal cancer: a multicenter randomized phase 3 clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7:1459–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kamarajah SK, Phillips AW, Hanna GB, Low D, Markar SR. Definitive chemoradiotherapy compared to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with esophagectomy for locoregional esophageal cancer: national population-based cohort study. Ann Surg. 2022;275:526–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Makino T, Yamasaki M, Tanaka K, Miyazaki Y, Takahashi T, Kurokawa Y, Motoori M, Kimura Y, Nakajima K, Mori M, Doki Y. Treatment and clinical outcome of clinical T4 esophageal cancer: a systematic review. Ann Gastroenterol Surg. 2019;3:169–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akutsu Y, Kono T, Uesato M, Hoshino I, Murakami K, Aoyagi T, Ota T, Toyozumi T, Suito H, Kobayashi H, et al. Is the outcome of a salvage surgery for T4 thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma really poor? World J Surg. 2014;38:2891–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akutsu Y, Matsubara H. Chemoradiotherapy and surgery for T4 esophageal cancer in Japan. Surg Today. 2015;45:1360–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shimada H, Shiratori T, Okazumi S, Matsubara H, Nabeya Y, Shuto K, Akutsu Y, Hayashi H, Isono K, Ochiai T. Have surgical outcomes of pathologic T4 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma really improved? Analysis of 268 cases during 45 years of experience. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206:48–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loftus TJ, Tighe PJ, Filiberto AC, Efron PA, Brakenridge SC, Mohr AM, Rashidi P, Upchurch GR Jr, Bihorac A. Artificial intelligence and surgical decision-making. JAMA Surg. 2020;155:148–58.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chadebecq F, Lovat LB, Stoyanov D. Artificial intelligence and automation in endoscopy and surgery. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;20:171–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar