Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K, Ely EW, Gélinas C, Dasta JF, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit: executive summary. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2013;70:53–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jung P, Pereira MA, Hiebert B, Song X, Rockwood K, Tangri N, et al. The impact of frailty on postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;149:869-75.e1. e1-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brown CHT, Max L, LaFlam A, Kirk L, Gross A, Arora R, et al. The association between preoperative frailty and postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2016;123:430–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M146–56.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kotani T, Ida M, Inoue S, Naito Y, Kawaguchi M. Association between preoperative hand grip strength and postoperative delirium after cardiovascular surgery: a retrospective study. J Clin Med. 2023;12:2705.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Gordon S, Francis J, May L, et al. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). JAMA. 2001;286:2703–10.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Carli F, Bousquet-Dion G, Awasthi R, Elsherbini N, Liberman S, Boutros M, et al. Effect of multimodal prehabilitation vs postoperative rehabilitation on 30-day postoperative complications for frail patients undergoing resection of colorectal cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2020;155:233–42.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wada Y, Nishi M, Yoshikawa K, Takasu C, Tokunaga T, Nakao T, et al. Preoperative nutrition and exercise intervention in frailty patients with gastric cancer undergoing gastrectomy. Int J Clin Oncol. 2022;27:1421–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mudgalkar N, Kandi V, Baviskar A, Kasturi RR, Bandurapalli B. Preoperative anxiety among cardiac surgery patients and its impact on major adverse cardiac events and mortality- a randomized, parallel-group study. Ann Card Anaesth. 2022;25:293–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar