Rosenbek JC, Robbins JA, Roecker EB, Coyle JL, Wood JL. A penetration-aspiration scale. Dysphagia. 1996;11(2):93–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Butler SG, Markley L, Sanders B, Stuart A. Reliability of the penetration aspiration scale with flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2015;124(6):480–3. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003489414566267.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Colodny N. Interjudge and intrajudge reliabilities in fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (fees) using the penetration-aspiration scale: a replication study. Dysphagia. 2002;17(4):308–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-002-0073-4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hey C, Pluschinski P, Pajunk R, Almahameed A, Girth L, Sader R, Zaretsky Y. Penetration-aspiration: Is their detection in FEES ® reliable without video recording? Dysphagia. 2015;30(4):418–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-015-9616-3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baijens LW, Speyer R, Pilz W, Roodenburg N. FEES protocol derived estimates of sensitivity: aspiration in dysphagic patients. Dysphagia. 2014;29(5):583–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-014-9549-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fattori B, Giusti P, Mancini V, Grosso M, Barillari MR, Bastiani L, Nacci A. Comparison between videofluoroscopy, fiberoptic endoscopy and scintigraphy for diagnosis of oro-pharyngeal dysphagia. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2016;36(5):395–402. https://doi.org/10.14639/0392-100X-829.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gottlieb A, Pisegna JM. Comparing location of aspiration on MBS and its relationship with location of aspiration on FEES. In: DRS 2020 Annual meeting, March 17–20th, 2020 in San Juan, Puerto Rico; 2020.

Kelly AM, Drinnan MJ, Leslie P. Assessing penetration and aspiration: how do videofluoroscopy and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing compare? Laryngoscope. 2007;117(10):1723–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLG.0b013e318123ee6a.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marvin S, Gustafson S, Thibeault S. Detecting Aspiration and Penetration Using FEES With and Without Food Dye. Dysphagia. 2016;31(4):498–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-016-9703-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pisegna J, Kennedy S. FEES and MBS exams: revisiting sensitivity. Boston: ASHA Convention; 2018.

Google Scholar 

Pisegna JM, Langmore SE. Parameters of instrumental swallowing evaluations: describing a diagnostic dilemma. Dysphagia. 2016;31(3):462–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-016-9700-3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim JW, Choi H, Jung J, Kim HJ. Risk factors for aspiration pneumonia in patients with dysphagia undergoing videofluoroscopic swallowing studies. Medicine. 2020;99(46): e23177. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000023177.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smith R, Bryant L, Hemsley B. Dysphagia and quality of life, participation, and inclusion experiences and outcomes for adults and children with dysphagia: a scoping review. Perspect of the ASHA Spec Interest Gr. 2022;7(1):181–96. https://doi.org/10.1044/2021_persp-21-00162.

Article  Google Scholar 

Starmer HM, Arrese L, Langmore S, Ma Y, Murray J, Patterson J, Hutcheson K. Adaptation and validation of the dynamic imaging grade of swallowing toxicity for flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing: DIGEST-FEES. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2021;64(6):1802–10. https://doi.org/10.1044/2021_JSLHR-21-00014.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Butler SG, Markley L, Sanders B, Stuart A. Reliability of the penetration aspiration scale with flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2015;124(6):480–3. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003489414566267.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wick EH, Johnson K, Demarre K, Faherty A, Parikh S, Horn DL. Reliability and construct validity of the penetration-aspiration scale for quantifying pediatric outcomes after interarytenoid augmentation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;161(5):862–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599819856299.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Everton LF, Benfield JK, Hedstrom A, Wilkinson G, Michou E, England TJ, Dziewas R, Bath PM, Hamdy S. Psychometric assessment and validation of the dysphagia severity rating scale in stroke patients. Sci Rep. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64208-9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McCullough GH, Wertz RT, Rosenbek JC, Mills RH, Webb WG, Ross KB. Inter- and intrajudge reliability for videofluoroscopic swallowing evaluation measures. Dysphagia. 2001;16(2):110–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/pl00021291.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Donoghue CR, Dean-Claytor A. Training and self-reported confidence for dysphagia management among speech-language pathologists in the schools. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2008;39(2):192–8. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2008/019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Caesar LG, Kitila M. Speech-language pathologists’ perceptions of their preparation and confidence for providing dysphagia services. Perspect ASHA Spec Interest Gr. 2020;5(5):1666–82. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_persp-20-00115.

Article  Google Scholar 

Manley S, Frank E, Melvin C. Preparation of speech-language pathologists to provide services to patients with a tracheostomy tube. Am J Speech-Lang Pathol. 1999. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0802.171.

Article  Google Scholar 

Riedeman S, Turkstra L. Knowledge, confidence, and practice patterns of speech-language pathologists working with adults with traumatic brain injury. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2018;27(1):181–91. https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_ajslp-17-0011.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burdick R, Pena-Chavez R, Namasivayam-MacDnoald A, Rogus-Pulia N. Deglutologist practices and perceptions of the penetration-aspiration scale (PAS): a survey study [Poster presentation]. Virtual: Dysphagia Research Society Annual Meeting; 2022.

Google Scholar 

Dziewas R, Glahn J, Helfer C, Ickenstein G, Keller J, Ledl C, Busse O. Flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) for neurogenic dysphagia: training curriculum of the German society of neurology and the German stroke society. BMC Med Educ. 2016;16:70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016-0587-3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Coffey MM, Tolley N, Howard D, Drinnan M, Hickson M. An investigation of the post-laryngectomy swallow using videofluoroscopy and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES). Dysphagia. 2018;33(3):369–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-017-9862-7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pisegna JM, Borders JC, Kaneoka A, Coster WJ, Leonard R, Langmore SE. Reliability of untrained and experienced raters on FEES: rating overall residue is a simple task. Dysphagia. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-018-9883-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Coyle J. The penetration-aspiration scale quantifies how—and where—a patient’s swallow goes awry. The ASHA Leader; 2017.

Borders JC, Brates D. Use of the penetration-aspiration scale in dysphagia research: a systematic review. Dysphagia. 2020;35(4):583–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-019-10064-3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Curtis JA, Borders JC, Troche MS. Visual analysis of swallowing efficiency and safety (VASES): establishing criterion-referenced validity and concurrent validity. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2022;31(2):808–18. https://doi.org/10.1044/2021_AJSLP-21-00116.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Curtis JA, Seikaly ZN, Dakin AE, Troche MS. Detection of aspiration, penetration, and pharyngeal residue during flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES): comparing the effects of color, coating, and opacity. Dysphagia. 2021;36(2):207–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-020-10131-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar