Available online 15 November 2023

Originally designed as a forum to discuss adverse patient events, Surgery Morbidity & Mortality Conference (M&M) has evolved into an integral tool within surgical education where trainees at all levels are taught to critically examine decision-making. Others have expanded the scope of subsets of M&M conferences to include additional factors that influence patient outcomes, such as social determinants of health, implicit bias and structural policies that contribute to health disparities. In this study, we implemented a disparities-based discussion into our surgical department's weekly M&M conference and examined the effect(s) on participants’ understanding and perceptions of key disparities in access to surgical care.

An anonymous electronic survey was sent to attendees of the Department of Surgery's M&M conference including faculty, residents and medical students prior to implementation of the intervention. The survey queried perceptions of the presence and impact of disparities in access to surgical care and how these are addressed at the study institution. The standard presenter slide template was updated to include a “Disparities Factors” section within the “Reasons for Complication” slide. After over 1 year, a postintervention survey was sent to conference attendees that included the same questions as the initial survey, as well as new questions related to the intervention. Descriptive statistics were performed on survey results, and comparisons were made for paired pre-post items.

Eighty conference attendees completed the pre-intervention survey, and 70 completed the postintervention survey (22 [27.5%]; 22 [31.4%] attendings, 24 [30.0%]; 21 [30.0%] residents, 34 [42.5%]; 27 [38.6%] medical students respectively). Socioeconomics and language were most commonly identified both pre- and postintervention as the most important factors contributing to disparities in care experienced by patients at the study institution. Respondents agreed disparities in access significantly impact surgical care, and there was an increase in the number of respondents who reported feeling that disparities are being addressed postintervention. A total of 69% (n = 48) of respondents thought that integrating discussion of disparities in access to surgical care into M&M improved their understanding of the role these disparities play, 66% (n = 46) felt that their own thinking or practice changed regarding patient disparities, 84% (n = 59) reported integrating these discussions of disparities into M&M has been helpful overall.

The inclusion of a disparities discussion in weekly M&M conference has led to positive change at the study institution, fostering a more comprehensive and socially conscious dialogue within the Department of Surgery. Survey respondents agreed that disparities exist in access to surgical care, and that the intervention improved their perceptions of how the study institution addresses disparities. Respondents felt that the integration of a disparities discussion was overall helpful, improved their knowledge of disparities in access to surgical care, and impacted their plans to address disparities in their own practices.

Originally designed as a forum to discuss adverse patient events, Surgery Morbidity and Mortality (M&M) Conference has evolved into an integral tool within surgical education where trainees at all levels are taught to critically examine decision-making.1, 2, 3 While traditionally there has been a focus on identifying and analyzing clinical errors and system errors, these conferences have been criticized for their limited attention to social and structural factors that contribute to disparities

This project was reviewed by the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Aligning and Coordinating Quality Improvement, Research, and Evaluation (ACQUIRE) Committee through an Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved process and granted excusal from IRB oversight as a quality improvement project (Project #602). This manuscript adheres to the applicable Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence 2.0 (SQUIRE) guidelines.

Eighty conference attendees completed the pre-intervention survey, and 70 completed the postintervention survey. Survey participant demographics, including breakdown by role, can be found in Table 1.

Socioeconomics (22%) and language (21%) were most commonly identified by survey participants both pre- and postintervention as the most important disparities experienced by patients at the study institution. Interestingly, the incidence of reporting race/ethnicity as a most important disparity

The inclusion of a disparities discussion in weekly M&M conference led to positive change at the study institution, fostering a more comprehensive and socially conscious dialogue within the Department of Surgery. The implementation of a standardized template for case presentations that explicitly addresses disparities in access to healthcare and surgical care successfully raised attendee awareness of related disparities.

In this study, survey respondents agreed that disparities in access to

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© 2023 Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.