Talukdar D, Tripathi M, Tripathi V, Teelucksingh S. Prevalence and associated factors of undiagnosed hypertension among women aged 15–49 years in India: an analysis of National Family Health Survey-4 data. J Hum Hypertens. 2021;35:726–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-020-0384-7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dutta A, Nayak G. Concerns about the prevalence estimates of undiagnosed hypertension among women aged 15–49 years in India. J Hum Hypertens. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-021-00626-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gudmundsdottir H, Høieggen A, Stenehjem A, Waldum B, Os I. Hypertension in women: latest findings and clinical implications. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2012;3:137–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/2040622312438935.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet 2005;365:217–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta R, Gaur K, Ram CVS. Emerging trends in hypertension epidemiology in India. J Hum Hypertens. 2019;33:575–87. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-018-0117-3).

Wilber JA, Barrow JG. Hypertension— a community problem. Am J Med. 1972;52:653–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prenissl J, Manne-Goehler J, Jaacks LM, Prabhakaran D, Awasthi A, Bischops AC, et al. Hypertension screening, awareness, treatment, and control in India: A nationally representative cross-sectional study among individuals aged 15 to 49 years. PLoS Med. 2019;16:e1002801.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Anchala R, Kannuri NK, Pant H, Khan H, Franco OH, Di Angelantonio E, et al. Hypertension in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension. J Hypertens. 2014;32:1170–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000146.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abramson BL, Srivaratharajah K, Davis L and Parapid B Women and Hypertension: Beyond the 2017 Guideline for Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults, American College of Cardiology, July 27, 2018. https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2018/07/27/09/02/women-and-hypertension.

Swain PK, Behera B, Das D. Association between area-level socio-economic status and hypertension in EAG states of India: an insight from NFHS-4 (2015-16). Int J Agric Stat Sci. 2019;15:39–52.

Google Scholar 

Chakraborty N, Mandal AK. A Study on Undiagnosed Hypertension and Its Associated Factors among Adults Residing in a Rural Area of West Bengal. Ntl J Community Med. 2017;8:60–63.

Google Scholar 

Tyagi R, Dhall M, Kapoor S Bio-social predictors of hypertension among premenopausal and postmenopausal women. SAGE Open. 2015; 5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015574227.

Hage FG, Mansur SJ, Xing D, Oparil S. Hypertension in women. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3:352–6.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mohan V, Seedat YK, Pradeepa R. The Rising Burden of Diabetes and Hypertension in Southeast Asian and African Regions: Need for Effective Strategies for Prevention and Control in Primary Health Care Settings. Int J Hypertens. 2013;13:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/409083.

Article  Google Scholar 

IIPS. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015–16. Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India and Macro International; 2017;1–637. Mumbai: IIPS.

Prenissl J, De Neve J-W, Sudharsanan N, Manne-Goehler J, Mohan V, Awasthi A, et al. Patterns of multimorbidity in India: A nationally representative cross-sectional study of individuals aged 15 to 49 years. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2022;2:e0000587. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000587.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

IIPS. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015–16. Clinical Anthropometric Biochemical (CAB) Manual. Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India and Macro International; 2014; 1–100. Mumbai: IIPS.

Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206–52. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tadic M, Cuspidi C. Does the change of hypertension guidelines actually affect our reality? Ann Transl Med. 2018;6:373.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Muntner P, Carey RM, Gidding S, Jones DW, Taler SJ, et al. Potential US population impact of the 2017 ACC/AHA high blood pressure guideline. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:109–18.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choi W-J, Lee H-S, Hong JH, Chang H-J, Lee J-W. Comparison of the JNC7 and 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension in Koreans: Analysis of Two Independent Nationwide Population-Based Studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:5134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245134.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Narang R, Srikant S. Implications of 2017 hypertension guidelines for Indian patients. J Pr Cardiovasc Sci. 2018;4:3–5.

Article  Google Scholar 

The SPRINT Research Group. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N. Engl J Med. 2015;373:2103–16. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1511939.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S Applied logistic regression. 1989, New York: John Wiley.

Anselin L, Syabri I, Kho Y. GeoDa: An Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis. Geogr Anal. 2006;38:5–22.

Article  Google Scholar 

StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 14.2 College Station, TX: StataCorp LP; 2015.

NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Lancet. 2021;398:957–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16:223–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-019-0244-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou B, Perel P, Mensah GA, Ezzati M. Global epidemiology, health burden and effective interventions for elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18:785–802. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-021-00559-8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gupta R, Xavier D. Hypertension: the most important non communicable disease risk factor in India. Indian Heart J. 2018;70:565–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2018.02.003.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gao Z, Chen Z, Sun A, Deng Z. Gender differences in cardiovascular disease. Med Nov Technol Devices. 2019;4:100025.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gupta R. Convergence in urban–rural prevalence of hypertension in India. J Hum Hypertens. 2016;30:79–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moser KA, Agrawal S, Smith GD, Ebrahim S. Socio-demographic inequalities in the prevalence, diagnosis and management of hypertension in India: analysis of nationally-representative survey data. PloS one. 2014;9:e86043.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Corsi DJ, Subramanian SV. Socioeconomic Gradients and Distribution of Diabetes, Hypertension, and Obesity in India. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2:e190411. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0411.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Geldsetzer P, Manne-Goehler J, Theilmann M, Davies JI, Awasthi A, et al. Diabetes and Hypertension in India: A Nationally Representative Study of 1.3 Million Adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178:363–72.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ashraf MS, Vongpatanasin W. Estrogen and Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2006;8:368–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-006-0080-1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao N, Liu T, Wang Y, Chen M, Yu L, Fu C, et al. Assessing the association between smoking and hypertension: Smoking status, type of tobacco products, and interaction with alcohol consumption. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1027988. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1027988.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shihab HM, Meoni LA, Chu AY, Wang NY, Ford DE, Liang KY, et al. Body mass index and risk of incident hypertension over the life course: the Johns Hopkins Precursors Study. Circulation 2012;126:2983–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.117333.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee M-R, Lim Y-H, Hong Y-C. Causal association of body mass index with hypertension using a Mendelian randomization design. Medicine. 2018;97:e11252. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000011252.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li W, Fang W, Huang Z, Wang X, Cai Z, Chen G, et al. Association between age at onset of overweight and risk of hypertension across adulthood. Heart 2022;108:683–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Basu S, Millett C. Social epidemiology of hypertension in middle-income countries: Determinants of prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and control in the WHO SAGE study. Hypertension 2013;62:18–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tripathy JP, Thakur JS, Jeet G, Chawla S, Jain S. Alarmingly high prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension in North India- results from a large cross-sectional STEPS survey. PLoS one. 2017;12:e0188619. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188619.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central