Chang DT, Schellenberg D, Shen J, Kim J, Goodman KA, Fisher GA, et al. Stereotactic radiotherapy for unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Cancer. 2009;115:665–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jackson WC, Silva J, Hartman HE, Dess RT, Kishan AU, Beeler WH, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of over 6,000 patients treated on prospective studies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2019;104:778–89.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Potters L, Kavanagh B, Galvin JM, Hevezi JM, Janjan NA, Larson DA, et al. American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) and American College of Radiology (ACR) practice guideline for the performance of stereotactic body radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;76:326–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vogelius IR, Bentzen SM. Meta-analysis of the alpha/beta ratio for prostate cancer in the presence of an overall time factor: bad news, good news, or no news? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;85:89–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jackson WC, Dess RT, Litzenberg DW, Li P, Schipper M, Rosenthal SA, et al. A multi-institutional phase 2 trial of prostate stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) using continuous real-time evaluation of prostate motion with patient-reported quality of life. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2018;8:40–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hannan R, Tumati V, Xie XJ, Cho LC, Kavanagh BD, Brindle J, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for low and intermediate risk prostate cancer—results from a multi-institutional clinical trial. Eur J Cancer. 2016;59:142–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meier RM, Bloch DA, Cotrutz C, Beckman AC, Henning GT, Woodhouse SA, et al. Multicenter trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy for low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer: survival and toxicity endpoints. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2018;102:296–303.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kishan AU, Dang A, Katz AJ, Mantz CA, Collins SP, Aghdam N, et al. Long-term outcomes of stereotactic body radiotherapy for low-risk and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2: e188006.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mariados N, Sylvester J, Shah D, Karsh L, Hudes R, Beyer D, et al. Hydrogel spacer prospective multicenter randomized controlled pivotal trial: dosimetric and clinical effects of perirectal spacer application in men undergoing prostate image guided intensity modulated radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015;92:971–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morita M, Fukagai T, Hirayama K, Yamatoya J, Noguchi T, Ogawa Y, et al. Placement of SpaceOAR hydrogel spacer for prostate cancer patients treated with iodine-125 low-dose-rate brachytherapy. Int J Urol. 2020;27:60–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hwang ME, Mayeda M, Liz M, Goode-Marshall B, Gonzalez L, Elliston CD, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy with periprostatic hydrogel spacer for localized prostate cancer: toxicity profile and early oncologic outcomes. Radiat Oncol. 2019;14:136.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hamstra DA, Mariados N, Sylvester J, Shah D, Karsh L, Hudes R, et al. Continued benefit to rectal separation for prostate radiation therapy: final results of a phase III trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017;97:976–85.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kobayashi H, Eriguchi T, Tanaka T, Ogata T, Ishida M, Nakajima Y, et al. Distribution analysis of hydrogel spacer and evaluation of rectal dose reduction in Japanese prostate cancer patients undergoing stereotactic body radiation therapy. Int J Clin Oncol. 2021;26:736–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schaeffer E, Srinivas S, Antonarakis ES, Armstrong AJ, Bekelman JE, Cheng H, et al. NCCN guidelines insights: prostate cancer, Version 1.2021. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2021;19:134–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Te Velde BL, Westhuyzen J, Awad N, Wood M, Shakespeare TP. Late toxicities of prostate cancer radiotherapy with and without hydrogel SpaceAOR insertion. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2019;63:836–41.

Article  Google Scholar 

Navaratnam A, Cumsky J, Abdul-Muhsin H, Gagneur J, Shen J, Kosiorek H, et al. Assessment of polyethylene glycol hydrogel spacer and its effect on rectal radiation dose in prostate cancer patients receiving proton beam radiation therapy. Adv Radiat Oncol. 2020;5:92–100.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fischer-Valuck BW, Chundury A, Gay H, Bosch W, Michalski J. Hydrogel spacer distribution within the perirectal space in patients undergoing radiotherapy for prostate cancer: impact of spacer symmetry on rectal dose reduction and the clinical consequences of hydrogel infiltration into the rectal wall. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2017;7:195–202.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hwang ME, Black PJ, Elliston CD, Wolthuis BA, Smith DR, Wu CC, et al. A novel model to correlate hydrogel spacer placement, perirectal space creation, and rectum dosimetry in prostate stereotactic body radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol. 2018;13:192.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pinkawa M, Klotz J, Djukic V, Schubert C, Escobar-Corral N, Caffaro M, et al. Learning curve in the application of a hydrogel spacer to protect the rectal wall during radiotherapy of localized prostate cancer. Urology. 2013;82:963–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar