Available online 31 October 2023

Neurons in the locomotor system possess an ability to alter their excitability at cellular and molecular scales in adaptation to acute and chronic exercises.

Multiple mechanisms are involved in the plasticity of excitability of neurons, of which modulation of ion channels and facilitation of dendritic plasticity are particularly essential to the adaptive response during/following chronic exercise.

The exercise-induced modulation of ion channels is shown as an up- and/or down-regulation of transient sodium, persistent sodium, L-type calcium, delayed-rectifier potassium, and calcium-activated potassium channels.

Exercise also modulates receptor expression and increases nutritional factors and protein synthesis.

Vertebrate neurons are highly dynamic cells that undergo several alterations in their functioning and physiologies in adaptation to various external stimuli. In particular, how these neurons respond to physical exercise has long been an area of active research. Studies of the vertebrate locomotor system's adaptability suggest multiple mechanisms are involved in the regulation of neuronal activity and properties during exercise. In this brief review, we highlight recent results and insights from the field with a focus on the following mechanisms: (a) alterations in neuronal excitability during acute exercise; (b) alterations in neuronal excitability after chronic exercise; (c) exercise-induced changes in neuronal membrane properties via modulation of ion channel activity; (d) exercise-enhanced dendritic plasticity; and (e) exercise-induced alterations in neuronal gene expression and protein synthesis. Our hope is to update the community with a cellular and molecular understanding of the recent mechanisms underlying the adaptability of the vertebrate locomotor system in response to both acute and chronic physical exercise.

Dendritic plasticity

Excitability

Exercise

Ion channel modulation

Neuron adaptation

© 2023 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport.