Ang, Q. (2022). About 1 in 3 young people in Singapore has mental health symptoms: Study. Retrieved from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/about-1-in-3-youths-in-singapore-has-mental-health-symptoms-study. Retrieved 10 November 2022, from The Straits Times, https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/about-1-in-3-youths-in-singapore-has-mental-health-symptoms-study

Calderon, R., Jr., Kim, G., Ratsameemonthon, C., & Pupanead, S. (2020). Assessing the adaptation of a Thai version of the Ryff scales of psychological well-being: A PLS-SEM approach. Psychology, 11(7), 1037–1053.

Article  Google Scholar 

Clarke, P. J., Marshall, V. W., Ryff, C. D., & Wheaton, B. (2001). Measuring psychological well-being in the Canadian study of health and aging. International Psychogeriatrics, 13(s1), 79–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Costea-Bărluțiu, C., Bălaș-Baconschi, C., & Hathazi, A. (2018). Romanian adaptation of the Ryff’s psychological well-being scale: Brief report of the factor structure and psychometric properties. Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, 18(1), 21–33.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334.

Article  Google Scholar 

García, P. J. J., Gallegos, L. I. F., Lira, C. J., & Vásquez, S. I. A. (2019). Perceived psychological well-Being among university students: A comparative study by gender. European Scientific Journal, 15, 318–326.

Google Scholar 

Green, M., & Elliott, M. (2010). Religion, health, and psychological well-being. Journal of Religion and Health, 49(2), 149–163.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu, Y., Zhang, F., Wu, F., Liu, Y., & Li, Z. (2017). The subjective wellbeing of migrants in Guangzhou, China: The impacts of the social and physical environment. Cities, 60, 333–342.

Article  Google Scholar 

Matud, M. P., Bethencourth, J. M., Ibáñez, I., & Fortes, D. (2020). Gender and psychological well-being in older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 32(11), 1293–1302.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matud, M. P., López-Curbelo, M., & Fortes, D. (2019). Gender and psychological well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19), 3531.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ministry of Health, S. (2021). Covid-19 mental wellness taskforce proposes recommendations to enhance national mental health strategy. Retrieved from https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/covid-19-mental-wellness-taskforce-proposes-recommendations-to-enhance-national-mental-health-strategy

Momtaz, Y. A., Ibrahim, R., Hamid, T. A., & Yahaya, N. (2011). Sociodemographic predictors of elderly’s psychological well-being in Malaysia. Aging & Mental Health, 15(4), 437–445.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ng, I. Y. (2015). Being poor in a rich" Nanny State": Developments in Singapore social welfare. The Singapore Economic Review, 60(03), 1550038.

Article  Google Scholar 

Oskrochi, G., Bani-Mustafa, A., & Oskrochi, Y. (2018). Factors affecting psychological well-being: Evidence from two nationally representative surveys. PLoS ONE, 13(6), e0198638.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pearson, K. (1920). Notes on the history of correlation. Biometrika, 13(1), 25–45.

Article  Google Scholar 

Poushter, J., Fetterolf, J., & Tamir, C. (2019). A changing world: Global views on diversity, gender equality, family life and the importance of religion. Pew Research Center, 44.

Roslan, S., Ahmad, N., Nabilla, N., & Ghiami, Z. (2017). Psychological well-being among postgraduate students. Acta Medica Bulgarica, 44(1), 35–41.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 141–166

Ryff, C. D. (1989). Beyond Ponce de Leon and life satisfaction: New directions in quest of successful ageing. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 12(1), 35–55.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(1), 10–28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ryff, C. D. (2018). Eudaimonic well‐being. Paper presented at the Diversity in harmony-Insights from psychology: Proceedings of the 31st International Congress of Psychology.

Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharma, S., & Singh, K. (2019). Religion and well-being: The mediating role of positive virtues. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(1), 119–131.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shields, M. A., & Price, S. W. (2005). Exploring the economic and social determinants of psychological well-being and perceived social support in England. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (statistics in Society), 168(3), 513–537.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sirigatti, S., Stefanile, C., Giannetti, E., Iani, L., Penzo, I., & Mazzeschi, A. (2009). Assessment of factor structure of Ryff’s psychological well-being scales in Italian adolescents. Bollettino Di Psicologia Applicata, 259(56), 30–50.

Google Scholar 

Tay, J. L., Goh, Y.-S.S., & Klainin-Yobas, P. (2020). Online HOPE intervention on mental health literacy among youths in Singapore: An RCT protocol. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76(7), 1831–1839.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tay, J. L., Goh, Y. S. S., Sim, K., & Klainin-Yobas, P. (2022). Impact of the HOPE intervention on mental health literacy, psychological well-being and stress levels amongst university undergraduates: A randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9772.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Taylor, M., Jenkins, S., & Sacker, A. (2011). Financial capability, income and psychological wellbeing. Retrieved from

Torabi, B., Amirfakhrae, A., Rezaei Gazaki, P., & Mohammadi Soleimani, M. R. (2022). Investigation of factor structure and validation of Ryff’s psychological well-being scale in working children in the Corona crisis: A descriptive study. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 21(2), 149–164.

Article  Google Scholar 

Van Dierendonck, D. (2004). The construct validity of Ryff’s scales of psychological well-being and its extension with spiritual well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(3), 629–643.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wassermann, M., & Hoppe, A. (2019). Perceived overqualification and psychological well-being among immigrants. Journal of Personnel Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000219

Article  Google Scholar 

World Health Organisation. (2017). Child and adolescent mental health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mental_health/maternal-child/child_adolescent/en/