Brizendine, K. D., Baddley, J. W. & Pappas, P. G. Predictors of mortality and differences in clinical features among patients with Cryptococcosis according to immune status. PLoS ONE 8, e60431 (2013).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chau, T. T. et al. A prospective descriptive study of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV uninfected patients in Vietnam – high prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans var grubii in the absence of underlying disease. BMC Infect. Dis. 10, 199 (2010).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen, J. et al. Cryptococcus neoformans strains and infection in apparently immunocompetent patients, China. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14, 755–762 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Freij, J. B. et al. Conservation of intracellular pathogenic strategy among distantly related cryptococcal species. Infect. Immun. 86, e00946-17 (2018).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Casadevall, A. & Pirofski, L. A. The damage-response framework of microbial pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 1, 17–24 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Baddley, J. W. et al. MSG07: an international cohort study comparing epidemiology and outcomes of patients with Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 73, 1133–1141 (2021).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rajasingham, R. et al. The global burden of HIV-associated cryptococcal infection in adults in 2020: a modelling analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 22, 1748–1755 (2022).
Patel, R. K. K. et al. High mortality in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis patients treated with amphotericin B-based therapy under routine care conditions in Africa. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 5, ofy267 (2018).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Finkelstein, A. & Holz, R. Aqueous pores created in thin lipid membranes by the polyene antibiotics nystatin and amphotericin B. Membranes 2, 377–408 (1973).
Vermes, A., Guchelaar, H. J. & Dankert, J. Flucytosine: a review of its pharmacology, clinical indications, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and drug interactions. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 46, 171–179 (2000).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lee, W. & Lee, D. G. A novel mechanism of fluconazole: fungicidal activity through dose-dependent apoptotic responses in Candida albicans. Microbiology 164, 194–204 (2018).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Molloy, S. F. et al. Antifungal combinations for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in Africa. N. Engl. J. Med. 378, 1004–1017 (2018).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jarvis, J. N. et al. Single-dose liposomal amphotericin b treatment for cryptococcal meningitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 386, 1109–1120 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jarvis, J. N. et al. Cost effectiveness of cryptococcal antigen screening as a strategy to prevent HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in South Africa. PLoS ONE 8, e69288 (2013).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cogliati, M. Global molecular epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii: an atlas of the molecular types. Scientifica 2013, 675213 (2013).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Montoya, M. C., Magwene, P. M. & Perfect, J. R. Associations between Cryptococcus genotypes, phenotypes, and clinical parameters of human disease: a review. J. Fungi. 7, 260 (2021).
Chen, S. C., Meyer, W. & Sorrell, T. C. Cryptococcus gattii infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 27, 980–1024 (2014).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kidd, S. E. et al. A rare genotype of Cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 17258–17263 (2004).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Fraser, J. A. et al. Same-sex mating and the origin of the Vancouver Island Cryptococcus gattii outbreak. Nature 437, 1360–1364 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rajasingham, R. et al. Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 17, 873–881 (2017).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ellis, J. et al. The changing epidemiology of HIV-associated adult meningitis, Uganda 2015-2017. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 6, ofz419 (2019).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Flynn, A. G. et al. Evolving failures in the delivery of human immunodeficiency virus care: lessons from a Ugandan meningitis cohort 2006-2016. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 4, ofx077 (2017).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Okwir, M. et al. High burden of cryptococcal meningitis among antiretroviral therapy-experienced human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Northern Uganda in the era of “test and treat”: implications for cryptococcal screening programs. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 9, ofac004 (2022).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chang, B. et al. Timing of antiretroviral therapy prior to diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis [abstract 2361]. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 9 (Suppl. 2), ofac492.168 (2022).
Kalata, N. et al. Short-term mortality outcomes of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in antiretroviral therapy-naive and -experienced patients in sub-Saharan Africa. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 8, ofab397 (2021).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rhein, J. et al. Detrimental outcomes of unmasking cryptococcal meningitis with recent art initiation. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 5, ofy122 (2018).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ford, N. et al. CD4 cell count threshold for cryptococcal antigen screening of HIV-infected individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 66, S152–S159 (2018).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jarvis, J. N. et al. Screening for cryptococcal antigenemia in patients accessing an antiretroviral treatment program in South Africa. Clin. Infect. Dis. 48, 856–862 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
French, N. et al. Cryptococcal infection in a cohort of HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults. AIDS 16, 1031–1038 (2002).
Sungkanuparph, S. et al. Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after antiretroviral therapy in AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective multicenter study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49, 931–934 (2009).
Shelburne, S. A. 3rd et al. The role of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in AIDS-related Cryptococcus neoformans disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40, 1049–1052 (2005).
Kambugu, A. et al. Outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda before and after the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46, 1694–1701 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lortholary, O. et al. Incidence and risk factors of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome complicating HIV-associated cryptococcosis in France. AIDS 19, 1043–1049 (2005).
Boulware, D. R. et al. Timing of antiretroviral therapy after diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 370, 2487–2498 (2014).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhao, T. et al. The effect of early vs. deferred antiretroviral therapy initiation in HIV-infected patients with cryptococcal meningitis: a multicenter prospective randomized controlled analysis in China. Front. Med. 8, 779181 (2021).
Sereti, I. et al. Prospective international study of incidence and predictors of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and death in people with HIV and severe lymphopenia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 27, 652–660 (2020).
Han, X. et al. A nomogram for predicting paradoxical immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with cryptococcal meningitis among HIV-infected individuals in China. AIDS Res. Ther. 19, 20 (2022).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Brienze, V. M. S., André, J. C., Liso, E. & Vlasova-St Louis, I. Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: from blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers to treatment approaches. Life 11, 95 (2020).
Jarvis, J. N. et al. Determinants of mortality in a combined cohort of 5
Comments (0)