*Department of Neurosurgery, Saint Louis University Hospital

‡School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO

†Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME

§Department of Neurosurgery, Banner Neurological Surgery Clinic, Greeley, CO

G.A. Provision of study materials or patients: P.M. and G.A. Collection and assembly of data: G.A. and J.Z. Data analysis and interpretation: G.A. Manuscript writing: G.A. Assisted with manuscript writing: J.Z., M.P., and I.K. Revised the final manuscript: G.A., I.K., and P.M.

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available in the National Cancer Database (NCDB) repository, https://ncdbapp.facs.org/puf/.

This is an observational study. The XYZ Research Ethics Committee has confirmed that no ethical approval is required.

P.M. was supported by a Saint Louis University College of Medicine Clinical Research Scholarship. Statistical assistance was provided by Noor Al-Hammadi.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Correspondence: Georgios Alexopoulos, MD, MSc, Department of Neurosurgery Saint Louis University Hospital, 1201 S. Grand Blvd. St. Louis, MO 63104. E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected].

Supplemental Digital Content is available for this article. Direct URL citations are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's website, www.amjclinicaloncology.com.