Castelli W. Cholesterol and lipids in the risk of coronary artery disease–the Framingham Heart Study. Can J Cardiol. 1988;4:5A-10A.
Celermajer DS, Chow CK, Marijon E, Anstey NM, Woo KS. Cardiovascular disease in the developing world: prevalences, patterns, and the potential of early disease detection. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(14):1207–16.
Crawford SL, Johannes CB. The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(6):1803–12.
Papadopoulou SA, Kaski JC. Ischaemic heart disease in the ageing woman. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;27(5):689–97.
Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH. The protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(23):1801–11.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Després J-P, Lemieux I, Bergeron J, Pibarot P, Mathieu P, Larose E, et al. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: contribution to global cardiometabolic risk. Arterioscleros Thrombosis Vasc Biol. 2008;28(6):1039–49.
Walsh MC, Hunter GR, Livingstone MB. Sarcopenia in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with osteopenia, osteoporosis and normal bone mineral density. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(1):61–7.
Kim TN, Choi KM. The implications of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity on cardiometabolic disease. J Cell Biochem. 2015;116(7):1171–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mosca L, Manson JE, Sutherland SE, Langer RD, Manolio T, Barrett-Connor E. Cardiovascular disease in women: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1997;96(7):2468–82.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
von der Recke P, Hansen MA, Hassager C. The association between low bone mass at the menopause and cardiovascular mortality. Am J Med. 1999;106(3):273–8.
Tankó LB, Christiansen C, Cox DA, Geiger MJ, McNabb MA, Cummings SR. Relationship between osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(11):1912–20.
Hsu Y-H, Venners SA, Terwedow HA, Feng Y, Niu T, Li Z, et al. Relation of body composition, fat mass, and serum lipids to osteoporotic fractures and bone mineral density in Chinese men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(1):146–54.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Peppa M, Koliaki C, Boutati E, Garoflos E, Papaefstathiou A, Siafakas N, et al. Association of lean body mass with cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy postmenopausal women. Obesity. 2014;22(3):828–35.
Brownbill R, Ilich J. Lipid profile and bone paradox: higher serum lipids are associated with higher bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Women’s Health. 2006;15(3):261–70.
Bagger Y, Rasmussen HB, Alexandersen P, Werge T, Christiansen C, Tanko L, et al. Links between cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: serum lipids or atherosclerosis per se? Osteoporos Int. 2007;18(4):505–12.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Maes HH, Neale MC, Eaves LJ. Genetic and environmental factors in relative body weight and human adiposity. Behav Genetics. 1997;27(4):325–51.
Esposito-Del AP, Scalfi L, De EF, Peri M, Caldara A, Caso G, et al. Familial and environmental influences on body composition and body fat distribution in childhood in southern Italy. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1994;18(9):596–601.
Lawlor D, Bedford C, Taylor M, Ebrahim S. Geographical variation in cardiovascular disease, risk factors, and their control in older women: British Women’s Heart and Health Study. J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2003;57(2):134–40.
Harlow SD, Gass M, Hall JE, Lobo R, Maki P, Rebar RW, et al. Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. Menopause. 2012;19(4):387–95.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
IPAQ Research Committee. Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-short and long forms. http://www.ipaq.ki.se/scoring.pdf.2005.
Longvah T, An̲antan̲ I, Bhaskarachary K, Venkaiah K. Indian food composition tables: National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research; 2017.
Wickramanayake T. Food and nutrition. 3rd ed. Colombo: H. Kobbekaduwa Research Institute; 2002.
Hata Y, Nakajima K. Application of Friedewald’s LDL-cholesterol estimation formula to serum lipids in the Japanese population. Jpn Circ J. 1986;50(12):1191–200.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
D’agostino RB, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Wolf PA, Cobain M, Massaro JM, et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2008;117(6):743–53.
Vaziri Y, Bulduk S, Shadman Z, Bulduk EO, Hedayati M, Koc H, et al. Lean body mass as a predictive value of hypertension in young adults, in Ankara, Turkey. Iran J Public Health. 2015;44(12):1643.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Han TS, Al-Gindan YY, Govan L, Hankey CR, Lean ME. Associations of body fat and skeletal muscle with hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. 2019;21(2):230–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.13456.
Fiuza-Luces C, Santos-Lozano A, Joyner M, Carrera-Bastos P, Picazo O, Zugaza JL, et al. Exercise benefits in cardiovascular disease: beyond attenuation of traditional risk factors. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018;15(12):731–43.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Srikanthan P, Hevener AL, Karlamangla AS. Sarcopenia exacerbates obesity-associated insulin resistance and dysglycemia: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. PloS One. 2010;5(5)
Abellan van Kan G, Houles M, Vellas B. Identifying sarcopenia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2012;15(5):436–41.
Kheiri B, Abdalla A, Osman M, Ahmed S, Hassan M, Bachuwa G. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a narrative review. Clin Hypertens. 2018;24(1):9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Srikanthan P, Karlamangla AS. Relative muscle mass is inversely associated with insulin resistance and prediabetes Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(9):2898–903.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Karakelides H, Nair KS. Sarcopenia of aging and its metabolic impact. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2005;68:123–48.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dua S, Bhuker M, Sharma P, Dhall M, Kapoor S. Body mass index relates to blood pressure among adults. N Am J Med Sci. 2014;6(2):89.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Valentino G, Bustamante MJ, Orellana L, Krämer V, Durán S, Adasme M, et al. Body fat and its relationship with clustering of cardiovascular risk factors. Nutr Hospital. 2015;31(5):2253–60.
Son W-M, Kim D-Y, Kim Y-S, Ha M-S. Effect of obesity on blood pressure and arterial stiffness in middle-aged Korean women. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2017;8(6):369.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Levit RD, Reynolds HR, Hochman JS. Cardiovascular disease in young women: a population at risk. Cardiol Rev. 2011;19(2):60–5.
Haldar S, Chia SC, Henry CJ. Body composition in Asians and Caucasians: comparative analyses and influences on cardiometabolic outcomes. In: Advances in food and nutrition research. 75: Elsevier; 2015. p. 97–154
Yoon E, Jung S, Jae S. Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and arterial stiffness in older women. Exerc Sci. 2009;18(18):307–16.
Re RN. Obesity-related hypertension. Ochsner J. 2009;9(3):133–6.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Liu P-Y, Hornbuckle LM, Panton LB, Kim J-S, Ilich JZ. Evidence for the association between abdominal fat and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese African American women. J Am Coll Nutr. 2012;31(2):126–32.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Su TT, Amiri M, Mohd Hairi F, Thangiah N, Dahlui M, Majid HA. Body composition indices and predicted cardiovascular disease risk profile among urban dwellers in Malaysia. BioMed Res Int. 2015;2015
Lekamwasam S, Weerarathna T, Rodrigo M, Arachchi WK, Munidasa D. Osteoporosis and cardiovascular risk among premenopausal women in Sri Lanka. J Clin Densitomet. 2009;12(2):245–50.
Saoji R, Das RS, Desai M, Pasi A, Sachdeva G, Das TK, et al. Association of high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and homocysteine with bone mineral density in young Indian tribal women. Arch Osteoporos. 2018;13(1):108.
Makovey J, Chen JS, Hayward C, Williams FM, Sambrook PN. Association between serum cholesterol and bone mineral density. Bone. 2009;44(2):208–13.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jeon YK, Lee JG, Kim SS, Kim BH, Kim S-J, Kim YK, et al. Association between bone mineral density and metabolic syndrome in pre-and postmenopausal women. Endocr J. 2011:1012080509
Farhat GN, Cauley JA. The link between osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Clin Cases Mineral Bone Metab. 2008;5(1):19.
Chen G-C, Arthur R, Iyengar NM, Kamensky V, Xue X, Wassertheil-Smoller S, et al. Association between regional body fat and cardiovascular disease risk among postmenopausal women with normal body mass index. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(34):2849–55.
Comments (0)