Katsarou A, Gudbjörnsdottir S, Rawshani A, Dabelea D, Bonifacio E, Anderson BJ, Jacobsen LM, Schatz DA, Lernmark Å. Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17016. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Home, Resources, diabetes L with, et al. IDF diabetes atlas, 10th ed. https://diabetesatlas.org/. Accessed 1 Oct 2022.

Hage M, Zantout MS, Azar ST. Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus. J Thyroid Res. 2011;2011: 439463. https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/439463.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kahaly GJ, Hansen MP. Type 1 diabetes associated autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev. 2016;15:644–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2016.02.017.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frommer L, Kahaly GJ. Type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease-the genetic link. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12: 618213. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.618213.

Article  Google Scholar 

Biondi B, Kahaly GJ, Robertson RP. Thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus: two closely associated disorders. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(3):789–824. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00163.

Okten A, Akcay S, Cakir M, Girisken I, Kosucu P, Deger O. Iodine status, thyroid function, thyroid volume and thyroid autoimmunity in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in an iodine-replete area. Diabetes Metab. 2006;32:323–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70286-0.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bianchi G, Montanari P, Fabbri A, Gamberini A, Zoli M, Marchesini G. Thyroid volume in type 1 diabetes patients without overt thyroid disease. Acta Diabetol. 1995;32:49–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00581045.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dauksiene D, Petkeviciene J, Klumbiene J, Verkauskiene R, Vainikonyte-Kristapone J, Seibokaite A, Ceponis J, Sidlauskas V, Daugintyte-Petrusiene L, Norkus A, Zilaitiene B. Factors associated with the prevalence of thyroid nodules and goiter in middle-aged euthyroid subjects. Int J Endocrinol. 2017;2017:8401518. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8401518.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Völzke H, Krohn U, Wallaschofski H, Lüdemann J, John U, Kerner W. The spectrum of thyroid disorders in adult type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2007;23:227–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.676.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Darendeliler FF, Kadioğlu A, Bas F, Bundak R, Günöz H, Saka N, Neyzi OR. Thyroid ultrasound in IDDM. J Pediatr Endocrinol. 1994;7:33–7. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem.1994.7.1.33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hansen D, Bennedbaek FN, Hansen LK, Hoier-Madsen M, Jacobsen BB, Hegedüs L. Thyroid function, morphology and autoimmunity in young patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999;140:512–8. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1400512.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Russ G, Bonnema SJ, Erdogan MF, Durante C, Ngu R, Leenhardt L. European Thyroid Association guidelines for ultrasound malignancy risk stratification of thyroid nodules in adults: the EU-TIRADS. Eur Thyroid J. 2017;6:225–37. https://doi.org/10.1159/000478927.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cibas ES, Ali SZ. The 2017 Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. Thyroid. 2017;27:1341–6. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2017.0500.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gómez JM, Maravall FJ, Gumà A, Abós R, Soler J, Fernández-Castañer M. Thyroid volume as measured by ultrasonography in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus without thyroid dysfunction. Horm Metab Res. 2003;35:486–91. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-41806.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Junik R, Kozinski M, Debska-Kozinska K. Thyroid ultrasound in diabetic patients without overt thyroid disease. Acta Radiol. 2006;47:687–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/02841850600806308.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nduka CC, Adeyekun AA. Ultrasound assessment of thyroid gland volume in diabetic patients without overt thyroid disease. Ann Afr Med. 2016;15:157–62. https://doi.org/10.4103/1596-3519.194276.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tamhane S, Gharib H. Thyroid nodule update on diagnosis and management. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;2:17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40842-016-0035-7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brander A, Viikinkoski P, Nickels J, Kivisaari L. Thyroid gland: US screening in a random adult population. Radiology. 1991;181:683–7. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.181.3.1947082.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ezzat S, Sarti DA, Cain DR, Braunstein GD. Thyroid incidentalomas. Prevalence by palpation and ultrasonography. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1838–40. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.154.16.1838.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gnarini VL, Brigante G, Della Valle E, Diazzi C, Madeo B, Carani C, Rochira V, Simoni M. Very high prevalence of ultrasound thyroid scan abnormalities in healthy volunteers in Modena, Italy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2013;36:722–8. https://doi.org/10.3275/8931.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reiners C, Wegscheider K, Schicha H, Theissen P, Vaupel R, Wrbitzky R, Schumm-Draeger PM. Prevalence of thyroid disorders in the working population of Germany: ultrasonography screening in 96,278 unselected employees. Thyroid. 2004;14:926–32. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2004.14.926.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lima PC, Moura Neto A, Tambascia MA, Zantut Wittmann DE. Risk factors associated with benign and malignant thyroid nodules in autoimmune thyroid diseases. ISRN Endocrinol. 2013;2013:673146. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/673146.

Krohn K, Emmrich P, Ott N, Paschke R. Increased thyroid epithelial cell proliferation in toxic thyroid nodules. Thyroid. 1999;9(3):241–6. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1999.9.241.

Krohn K, Stricker I, Emmrich P, Paschke R. Cold thyroid nodules show a marked increase in proliferation markers. Thyroid. 2003;13(6):569–75. https://doi.org/10.1089/105072503322238836.

Ye L, Zhou X, Huang F, Wang W, Qi Y, Xu H, Yang S, Shen L, Fei X, Xie J, Cao M, Zhou Y, Zhu W, Wang S, Ning G, Wang W. The genetic landscape of benign thyroid nodules revealed by whole exome and transcriptome sequencing. Nat Commun. 2017;8:16129. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms16129.

Barmpari ME, Kokkorou M, Micheli A, Alexiou I, Spanou E, Noutsou M, Thanopoulou A. Thyroid dysfunction among Greek patients with Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus as a disregarded comorbidity. J Diabetes Res. 2017;2017:6505814. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6505814.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jensen R, Gilliam L, Torn C, Landin-Olsson M, Palmer J, Akesson K, vd. Islet cell autoantibody levels after the diagnosis of young adult diabetic patients. Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. Kasım 2007;24(11):1221–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02235.x.

Pöllänen PM, Ryhänen SJ, Toppari J, Ilonen J, Vähäsalo P, Veijola R, vd. Dynamics of ıslet autoantibodies during prospective follow-up from birth to age 15 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 01 Aralık 2020;105(12):e4638–4651. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa624.

Cai Y, Yan J, Gu Y, Chen H, Chen Y, Xu X, Zhang M, Yu L, Zheng X, Yang T. Autoimmune thyroid disease correlates to islet autoimmunity on zinc transporter 8 autoantibody. Endocr Connect. 2021;10:534–42. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-20-0650.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jonsdottir B, Andersson C, Carlsson A, Delli A, Forsander G, Ludvigsson J, Marcus C, Samuelsson U, Ortqvist E, Lernmark A, Ivarsson SA, Larsson HE, Better Diabetes Diagnosis (BDD) study group. Thyroid autoimmunity in relation to islet autoantibodies and HLA-DQ genotype in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Diabetologia 2013;56:1735–1742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-013-2934-9.

Weiderpass E, Persson I, Adami HO, Magnusson C, Lindgren A, Baron JA. Body size in different periods of life, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and risk of postmenopausal endometrial cancer (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control. 2000;11:185–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1008946825313.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carstensen B, Read SH, Friis S, Sund R, Keskimäki I, Svensson AM, Ljung R, Wild SH, Kerssens JJ, Harding JL, Magliano DJ, Gudbjörnsdottir S, Diabetes and Cancer Research Consortium. Cancer incidence in persons with type 1 diabetes: a five-country study of 9,000 cancers in type 1 diabetic individuals. Diabetologia 2016;59:980–988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-016-3884-9.

Zendehdel K, Nyrén O, Ostenson CG, Adami HO, Ekbom A, Ye W. Cancer incidence in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study in Sweden. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:1797–800. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djg105.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harding JL, Shaw JE, Peeters A, Cartensen B, Magliano DJ. Cancer risk among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: disentangling true associations, detection bias, and reverse causation. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:264–70. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-1996.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shu X, Ji J, Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Hemminki K. Cancer risk among patients hospitalized for type 1 diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study in Sweden. Diabet Med. 2010;27:791–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03011.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar