World Health Organization. Asthma. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/asthma (2023).
Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). 2022 Gina Main Report. https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports/ (2022).
GBD 2015 Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators. Global, regional, and national deaths, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and years lived with disability for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Respir. Med. 5, 691–706 (2015); correction 5, e30 (2017).
GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396, 1204–1222 (2020); correction 396, 1562 (2020).
Humbert, M., Berger, W., Rapatz, G. & Turk, F. Add-on omalizumab improves day-to-day symptoms in inadequately controlled severe persistent allergic asthma. Allergy 63, 592–596 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Corren, J., Casale, T., Deniz, Y. & Ashby, M. Omalizumab, a recombinant humanized anti-IgE antibody, reduces asthma-related emergency room visits and hospitalizations in patients with allergic asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 111, 87–90 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Humbert, M. et al. Benefits of omalizumab as add-on therapy in patients with severe persistent asthma who are inadequately controlled despite best available therapy (GINA 2002 step 4 treatment): INNOVATE. Allergy 60, 309–316 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kavanagh, J. E. et al. Real-world effectiveness of benralizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma. Chest 159, 496–506 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ortega, H. G. et al. Mepolizumab treatment in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 371, 1198–1207 (2014); correction 372, 1777 (2015).
Castro, M., Zangrilli, J. & Wechsler, M. E. Reslizumab for inadequately controlled asthma with elevated blood eosinophil counts: results from two multicentre, parallel, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. Lancet Respir. Med. 3, 355–366 (2015); correction 4, e15 (2015).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wechsler, M. E. et al. Evaluation of the oral corticosteroid-sparing effect of randomized in adults with oral corticosteroid-dependent asthma (SOURCE): a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet Respir. Med. 10, 650–660 (2022); correction 10, e72 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rabe, K. F. et al. Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in glucocorticoid-dependent severe asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 378, 2475–2485 (2018).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Menzies-Gow, A. et al. Tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 1800–1809 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nair, P. et al. Efficacy of intravenous reslizumab in oral corticosteroid-dependent asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pr. 8, 555–564 (2020).
Cazzoletti, L. et al. Asthma control in Europe: a real-world evaluation based on an international population-based study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 120, 1360–1367 (2007).
Nagase, H. et al. Prevalence, disease burden, and treatment reality of patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma in Japan. Allergol. Int. 69, 53–60 (2020).
Phillips, L. S. et al. Clinical inertia. Ann. Intern. Med. 135, 825–834 (2001).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gil-Guillén, V. et al. Clinical inertia in poorly controlled elderly hypertensive patients: a cross-sectional study in Spanish physicians to ascertain reasons for not intensifying treatment. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs 13, 213–219 (2013).
Crowley, M. J. et al. Treatment intensification in a hypertension telemanagement trial: clinical inertia or good clinical judgment? Hypertension 58, 552–558 (2011).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Shawahna, R., Odeh, M. & Jawabreh, M. Factors promoting clinical inertia in caring for patients with dyslipidemia: a consensual study among clinicians who provide healthcare to patients with dyslipidemia. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 111, 18–27 (2019).
Mata-Cases, M. et al. Therapeutic inertia in patients treated with two or more antidiabetics in primary care: factors predicting intensification of treatment. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 20, 103–112 (2018).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Okonofua, E. C. et al. Therapeutic inertia is an impediment to achieving the Healthy People 2010 blood pressure control goals. Hypertension 47, 345–351 (2006).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Enright, P. L. et al. Underdiagnosis and undertreatment of asthma in the elderly. Cardiovascular Health Study Research Group. Chest 116, 603–613 (1999).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
O’Connor, P. J. et al. Clinical inertia and outpatient medical errors. Advances in Patient Safety: From Research to Implementation, Vol. 2: Concepts and Methodology (eds Henriksen, K., Battles, J. B., Marks, E. S. & Lewin, D. I.) (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2005).
van Huisstede, A. et al. Underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis of asthma in the morbidly obese. Respir. Med. 107, 1356–1364 (2013).
Adams, R. J. et al. Underdiagnosed asthma in South Australia. Thorax 58, 846–850 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Heffler, E. et al. Misdiagnosis of asthma and COPD and underuse of spirometry in primary care unselected patients. Respir. Med. 142, 48–52 (2018).
Griffith, M. F. et al. Overuse and misuse of inhaled corticosteroids among veterans with COPD: a cross-sectional study evaluating targets for de-implementation. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 35, 679–686 (2020).
Janežič, A., Locatelli, I. & Kos, M. Inhalation technique and asthma outcomes with different corticosteroid-containing inhaler devices. J. Asthma 57, 654–662 (2020).
Jahedi, L. et al. Inhaler technique in asthma: how does it relate to patients’ preferences and attitudes toward their inhalers? J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv. 30, 42–52 (2017).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Eger, K. et al. Overuse of oral corticosteroids, underuse of inhaled corticosteroids, and implications for biologic therapy in asthma. Respiration 101, 116–121 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mulick, A. R. et al. Novel multimorbidity clusters in people with eczema and asthma: a population-based cluster analysis. Sci. Rep. 12, 21866 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chanoine, S. et al. Multimorbidity medications and poor asthma prognosis. Eur. Respir. J. 51, 1702114 (2018).
Kauppinen, R. et al. Long-term economic evaluation of intensive patient education during the first treatment year in newly diagnosed adult asthma. Respir. Med. 95, 56–63 (2001).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Smith, S., Mitchell, C. & Bowler, S. Standard versus patient-centred asthma education in the emergency department: a randomised study. Eur. Respir. J. 31, 990–997 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ford, M. E., Havstad, S. L., Tilley, B. C. & Bolton, M. B. Health outcomes among African American and Caucasian adults following a randomized trial of an asthma education program. Ethn. Health 2, 329–339 (1997).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Press, V. G. et al. Effectiveness of virtual vs in-person inhaler education for hospitalized patients with obstructive lung disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw. Open 3, e1918205 (2020).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Irving, G. et al. International variations in primary care physician consultation time: a systematic review of 67 countries. BMJ Open 7, e017902 (2017).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Parhar, A., Lemiere, C. & Beach, J. R. Barriers to the recognition and reporting of occupational asthma by Canadian pulmonologists. Can. Respir. J. 18, 90–96 (2011).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Holness, D. L. et al. Practice patterns of pulmonologists and family physicians for occupational asthma. Chest 132, 1526–1531 (2007).
Price, D., Fletcher, M. & van der Molen, T. Asthma control and management in 8,000 European patients: the REcognise Asthma and LInk to Symptoms and Experience (REALISE) survey. NPJ Prim. Care Respir. Med. 24, 14009 (2014).
Comments (0)