Huhn M, Nikolakopoulou A, Schneider-Thoma J, Krause M, Samara M, Peter N et al (2019) Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral antipsychotics for the acute treatment of adults with multi-episode schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet 394:939–951

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schneider-Thoma J, Chalkou K, Dörries C, Bighelli I, Ceraso A, Huhn M et al (2022) Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral and long-acting injectable antipsychotics for the maintenance treatment of adults with schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet 399:824–836

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ayuso-Gutiérrez JL, del Río Vega JM (1997) Factors influencing relapse in the long-term course of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 28:199–206

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alvarez-Jimenez M, Priede A, Hetrick SE, Bendall S, Killackey E, Parker AG et al (2012) Risk factors for relapse following treatment for first episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Schizophr Res 139:116–128

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tiihonen J, Lönnqvist J, Wahlbeck K, Klaukka T, Niskanen L, Tanskanen A et al (2009) 11-year follow-up of mortality in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study (FIN11 study). Lancet 374:620–627

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lambert M, Conus P, Cotton S, Robinson J, McGorry PD, Schimmelmann BG (2010) Prevalence, predictors, and consequences of long-term refusal of antipsychotic treatment in first-episode psychosis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 30:565–572

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Higashi K, Medic G, Littlewood KJ, Diez T, Granström O, De Hert M (2013) Medication adherence in schizophrenia: Factors influencing adherence and consequences of nonadherence, a systematic literature review. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 3:200–218

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leclerc E, Noto C, Bressan RA, Brietzke E (2015) Determinants of adherence to treatment in first-episode psychosis: a comprehensive review. Braz J Psychiatry 37:168–176

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abdellati EI, K, De Picker L, Morrens M, (2020) Antipsychotic treatment failure: a systematic review on risk factors and interventions for treatment adherence in psychosis. Front Neurosci 14:531763

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stürup AE, Nordentoft M, Jimenez-Solem E, Osler M, Davy JW, Christensen TN et al (2022) Discontinuation of antipsychotics in individuals with first-episode schizophrenia and its association to functional outcomes, hospitalization and death: a register-based nationwide follow-up study. Psychol Med. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291722002021

Birchwood M, Todd P, Jackson C (1998) Early intervention in psychosis: the critical period hypothesis. Br J Psychiatry 172(S33):53–59

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Coldham E, Addington J, Addington D (2002) Medication adherence of individuals with a first episode of psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 106:286–290

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tunis SL, Faries DE, Stensland MD, Hay DP, Kinon BJ (2007) An examination of factors affecting persistence with initial antipsychotic treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Curr Med Res Opin 23:97–104

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Quach PL, Mors O, Christensen TO, Krarup G, Jørgensen P, Bertelsen M et al (2009) Predictors of poor adherence to medication among patients with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Early Interv Psychiatry 3:66–74

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rabinovitch M, Béchard-Evans L, Schmitz N, Joober R, Malla A (2009) Early predictors of nonadherence to antipsychotic therapy in first-episode psychosis. Can J Psychiatry 54:28–35

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baloush-Kleinman V, Levine SZ, Roe D, Shnitt D, Weizman A, Poyurovsky M (2011) Adherence to antipsychotic drug treatment in early-episode schizophrenia: a six-month naturalistic follow-up study. Schizophr Res 130:176–181

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Montreuil TC, Cassidy CM, Rabinovitch M, Pawliuk N, Schmitz N, Joober R et al (2012) Case manager- and patient-rated alliance as a predictor of medication adherence in first-episode psychosis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 32:465–469

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mutsatsa SH, Joyce EM, Hutton SB, Webb E, Gibbins H, Paul S et al (2003) Clinical correlates of early medication adherence: West London first episode schizophrenia study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 108:439–446

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hill M, Crumlish N, Whitty P, Clarke M, Browne S, Kamali M et al (2010) Nonadherence to medication four years after a first episode of psychosis and associated risk factors. Psychiatr Serv 61:189–192

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Winton-Brown TT, Elanjithara T, Power P, Coentre R, Blanco-Polaina P, McGuire P (2017) Five-fold increased risk of relapse following breaks in antipsychotic treatment of first episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 179:50–56

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tan C, Abdin E, Liang W, Poon LY, Poon NY, Verma S (2019) Medication adherence in first-episode psychosis patients in Singapore. Early Interv Psychiatry 13:780–788

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hui CLM, Poon VWY, Ko WT, Miao HY, Chang WC, Lee EHM et al (2016) Risk factors for antipsychotic medication non-adherence behaviors and attitudes in adult-onset psychosis. Schizophr Res 174:144–149

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen ESM, Chang WC, Hui CLM, Chan SKW, Lee EHM, Chen EYH (2016) Self-stigma and affiliate stigma in first-episode psychosis patients and their caregivers. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 51:1225–1231

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ho RWH, Chang WC, Kwong VWY, Lau ESK, Chan GHK, Jim OTT et al (2018) Prediction of self-stigma in early psychosis: 3-year follow-up of the randomized-controlled trial on extended early intervention. Schizophr Res 195:463–468

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wade M, Tai S, Awenat Y, Haddock G (2017) A systematic review of service-user reasons for adherence and nonadherence to neuroleptic medication in psychosis. Clin Psychol Rev 51:75–95

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Richardson M, McCabe R, Priebe S (2013) Are attitudes towards medication adherence associated with medication adherence behaviors among patients with psychosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 48:649–657

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kondrátová L, König D, Mladá K, Winkler P (2019) Correlates of negative attitudes towards medication in people with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Q 90:159–169

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leijala J, Kampman O, Suvisaari J, Eskelinen S (2021) Daily functioning and symptom factors contributing to attitudes toward antipsychotic treatment and treatment adherence in outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. BMC Psychiatry 21:37

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang J, Ko YH, Paik JW, Lee MS, Han C, Joe SH et al (2012) Symptom severity and attitudes toward medication: impacts on adherence in outpatients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 134:226–231

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drake RJ, Nordentoft M, Haddock G, Arango C, Fleischhacker WW, Glenthøj B et al (2015) Modeling determinants of medication attitudes and poor adherence in early nonaffective psychosis: implications for intervention. Schizophr Bull 41:584–595

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nagai N, Tani H, Yoshida K, Gerretsen P, Suzuki T, Ikai-Tani S et al (2020) Drug attitude, insight, and patient’s knowledge about prescribed antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a cross-sectional survey. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 16:781–787

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chang WC, Ho C, Or CF, Liu TT, Lau CF, Chu OK et al (2018) Treatment delay and outcome comparison of extended early intervention service and standard psychiatric care for adults presenting with first-episode psychosis in Hong Kong. Schizophr Bull 44(Suppl. 1):S215

Chung DWS, Chen EYH (2013) Urban setting: EASY and other services in Hong Kong. In: Chen EYH, Lee H, Chan GHK, Wong GHY (eds) Early psychosis intervention: a cultural adaptive clinical guide. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp 17–27

Google Scholar 

Chen EYH, Tang JYM, Hui CLM, Chiu CP, Lam MM, Law CW et al (2011) Three-year outcome of phase-specific early intervention for first-episode psychosis: a cohort study in Hong Kong. Early Interv Psychiatry 5:315–323

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang WC, Chan GHK, Jim OTT, Lau ESK, Hui CLM, Chan SKW et al (2015) Optimal duration of an early intervention for first-episode psychosis: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 206:492–500

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

So E, Kam I, Leung C, Chung D, Liu Z, Fong S (2003) The Chinese-bilingual SCID-I/P project: stage 1—reliability for mood disorders and schizophrenia. HK J Psychiatry 13:7–18

Google Scholar 

Cannon-Spoor HE, Potkin SG, Wyatt RJ (1982) Measurement of premorbid adjustment in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 8:470–484

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Allen DN, Kelley ME, Miyatake RK, Gurklis JA Jr, Van Kammen DP (2001) Confirmation of a two-factor model of premorbid adjustment in males with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 27:39–46

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang WC, Tang JYM, Hui CLM, Wong GHY, Chan SKW, Lee EHM et al (2013) The relationship of early premorbid adjustment with negative symptoms and cognitive functions in first-episode schizophrenia: a prospective three-year follow-up study. Psychiatry Res 209:353–360

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Häfner H, Riecher-Rössler A,