Singh RK, Kumar P, Mahalingam K. Molecular genetics of human obesity: a comprehensive review. C R Biol. 2017;340:87–108.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaur Y, de Souza RJ, Gibson WT, Meyre D. A systematic review of genetic syndromes with obesity. Obes Rev. 2017;18:603–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Engin A. The definition and prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;960:1–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chooi YC, Ding C, Magkos F. The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism. 2019;92:6–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Concepción-Zavaleta M, Ramos-Yataco A, Alcalde-Loyola C, Moreno-Marreros D, Coronado-Arroyo J, Ildefonso-Najarro S, et al. Complications of obesity in children and adolescents during covid-19 pandemic: a narrative review. Rev Cuerpo Méd Hosp Nac Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo. 2021;14:55–61.

Google Scholar 

Peinado Fabregat MI, Saynina O, Sanders LM. Obesity and overweight among children with medical complexity. Pediatrics. 2022;151:e2022058687.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kumari S, Shukla S, Acharya S. Childhood obesity: prevalence and prevention in modern society. Cureus. 2022;14:e31640.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Centers for disease control and prevention. Childhood obesity facts. Overweight and obesity. 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html. Accessed 30 Dec 2022.

World obesity. World obesity Atlas 2023. London: Global Obesity Federation; 2023. https://data.worldobesity.org/publications/?cat=19. Accessed 20 Mar 2023.

World Health Organization. WHO European Regional obesity report 2022. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2022.

Google Scholar 

Boutari C, Mantzoros CS. A 2022 update on the epidemiology of obesity and a call to action: as its twin COVID-19 pandemic appears to be receding, the obesity and dysmetabolism pandemic continues to rage on. Metabolism. 2022;133:155217.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu FY, Yin RX. Recent progress in epigenetics of obesity. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2022;14:171.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mahmoud AM. An overview of epigenetics in obesity: the role of lifestyle and therapeutic interventions. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:1341.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kahan LG, Mehrzad R. Chapter 10-environmental factors related to the obesity epidemic. In: Mehrzad R, editor. Obesity. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2020. p. 117–39.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Von Noorden C. Section VII. Diabetes mellitus. In: Clinical treatises on pathology and therapy of disorders of metabolism and nutrition. New York: E.B. Treat & Co; 1907. p. 211.

Google Scholar 

Malhotra S, Sivasubramanian R, Srivastava G. Evaluation and management of early onset genetic obesity in childhood. J Pediatr Genet. 2021;10:194–204.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Loos RJF, Yeo GSH. The genetics of obesity: from discovery to biology. Nat Rev Genet. 2022;23:120–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Podyma B, Parekh K, Güler AD, Deppmann CD. Metabolic homeostasis via BDNF and its receptors. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2021;32:488–99.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tas A, Atabey M, Gokcen P, Ozel MI, Karagoz ZK, Ugur K, et al. Leptin/melanocortin pathway hormones in obese patients after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022;26:1484–91.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bathina S, Das UN. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its clinical implications. Arch Med Sci. 2015;11:1164–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miranda M, Morici JF, Zanoni MB, Bekinschtein P. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a key molecule for memory in the healthy and the pathological brain. Front Cell Neurosci. 2019;13:363.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nakagomi A, Okada S, Yokoyama M, Yoshida Y, Shimizu I, Miki T, et al. Role of the central nervous system and adipose tissue BDNF/TrkB axes in metabolic regulation. NPJ Aging Mech Dis. 2015;1:15009.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Spetter MS, Feld GB, Thienel M, Preissl H, Hege MA, Hallschmid M. Oxytocin curbs calorie intake via food-specific increases in the activity of brain areas that process reward and establish cognitive control. Sci Rep. 2018;8:2736.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Prida E, Fernández-González S, Pena-León V, Pérez-Lois R, Fernø J, Seoane LM, et al. Crosstalk between melanin concentrating hormone and endocrine factors: implications for obesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:2436.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dayton K, Miller J. Finding treatable genetic obesity: strategies for success. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2018;30:526–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schalla MA, Taché Y, Stengel A. Neuroendocrine peptides of the gut and their role in the regulation of food intake. Compr Physiol. 2021;11:1679–730.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rovella V, Rodia G, Di Daniele F, Cardillo C, Campia U, Noce A, et al. Association of gut hormones and microbiota with vascular dysfunction in obesity. Nutrients. 2021;13:613.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Psilopanagioti A, Nikou S, Logotheti S, Arbi M, Chartoumpekis DV, Papadaki H. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor in the human hypothalamus is associated with body mass index and colocalizes with the anorexigenic neuropeptide nucleobindin-2/nesfatin-1. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:14899.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Devesa J. The complex world of regulation of pituitary growth hormone secretion: the role of ghrelin, klotho, and nesfatins in it. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:636403.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Motta G, Allasia S, Ghigo E, Lanfranco F. Ghrelin actions on somatotropic and gonadotropic function in humans. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2016;138:3–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Witkamp RF. The role of fatty acids and their endocannabinoid-like derivatives in the molecular regulation of appetite. Mol Aspects Med. 2018;64:45–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mishra AK, Dubey V, Ghosh AR. Obesity: an overview of possible role(s) of gut hormones, lipid sensing and gut microbiota. Metabolism. 2016;65:48–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Magne F, Gotteland M, Gauthier L, Zazueta A, Pesoa S, Navarrete P, et al. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio: a relevant marker of gut dysbiosis in obese patients? Nutrients. 2020;12:1474.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Duan M, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zou R, Guo M, Zheng H. Characteristics of gut microbiota in people with obesity. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0255446.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Wouters DA, Huwart SJP, Cani PD, Everard A. Gut microbes and food reward: from the gut to the brain. Front Neurosci. 2022;16:947240.

Article  Google Scholar 

Clarke G, Stilling RM, Kennedy PJ, Stanton C, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Minireview: gut microbiota: the neglected endocrine organ. Mol Endocrinol. 2014;28:1221–38.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Van Hul M, Cani PD. The gut microbiota in obesity and weight management: microbes as friends or foe? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2023;19:258–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thaker VV. Genetic and epigenetic causes of obesity. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2017;28:379–405.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pigeyre M, Yazdi FT, Kaur Y, Meyre D. Recent progress in genetics, epigenetics and metagenomics unveils the pathophysiology of human obesity. Clin Sci (Lond). 2016;130:943–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choquet H, Meyre D. Genomic insights into early-onset obesity. Genome Med. 2010;2:36.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Locke AE, Kahali B, Berndt SI, Justice AE, Pers TH, Day FR, et al. Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. Nature. 2015;518:197–206.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar