We included 200 cases that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Parameters we assessed in that study are – age, gender, social habits, physical activity, water consumption, body mass index, previous history of surgery, post-surgical complication, site of stone, number of stones, risk factor, symptoms, diseases diagnosed, complications, co-morbidities, category of drugs, drug name, surgery.

Among 200 patients, we found 61 patients under the age group of 18-30 years, 74 patients under the age group between 31-40 years, 42 patients under the age group of 41-42 years, and 23 patients under the age group between 51-60 years. Under the age of 31-40 years, we found the maximum number of urolithiasis patients was 74 (Table 1).

Among 200 patients, 121 were males, and 79 were female. Male patients were more prone to develop urolithiasis than females, according to our study (Table 1).

Out of 200 patients, 46 patients were alcoholic, ten patients had the habit of eating betel leaf, 82 patients did not have social habits, 67 patients were a smoker, and 18 patients had habits like eating gutka (Table 1).

Among 200 patients, 117 drank 1-2 L water daily, and 23 drank 2.5-3.5 L water in our study. According to this study, those patients who drink less water are more prone to develop kidney stones (Table 1).

One hundred ninety-two cases had BMI under 22-25, and 8 had BMI under 26-32. The maximum number of patients had average body weight, and fewer were overweight (Table 1).

Among 200 patients, 123 cases had undergone surgery, and the remaining 77 patients had not done the surgery (Table 2).

Among 200 patients, 13 had done ESWL surgery technique, 57 had PCNL + DJS surgery technique, 62 had URSL + DJS surgery technique, and the remaining 68 had not done any surgery (Table 2).

In our study, out of 200 patients, the maximum number of patients (125) had post-surgical complications like frequent painful and incomplete urination, difficulties and burning urination, and fever. The remaining 75 patients had no post-surgical complications (Table 2).

In this study, out of 200 patients, 121 patients had stones in the kidneys, 74 patients had stones in the ureter, and only five had urinary bladder stones (Table 2).

In our study, 57 had single stones, 90 patients had two stones, 45 patients had three stones, four patients had four, and only two patients had five (Table 2).

In this study, 41 patients have symptoms like abdominal pain, 13 patients have lower back pain, 51 patients have loin pain, 97 patients have flank pain, 71 patients vomiting, 57 patients have nausea, 31 patients have a fever, and 117 patients were very weakness (Table 3).

In this study, the risk factors identified where 168 patients had a family history, 149 patients had dehydration, 132 patients had taken frequent non-veg, 50 patients had taken more salts in their diet, and only 8 cases had overweight (Table 3).

Out of 200 patients, 122 had been diagnosed with renal calculi, 73 with ureteric calculi, and only five with urinary bladder stones (Table 3).

Out of 200 patients, only 27 patients had complications like AKI, and the remaining 173 patients did not have any complications (Table 3).

Out of 200 patients, 91 patients have co-morbidities like hypertension, 19 patients have diabetes mellitus, and the remaining 95 patients do not have any co-morbidities (Table 3).

Out of 200 patients, a maximum number of patients prescribed the category of drugs like Antibiotic (237, 15%), Analgesic (190, 20%), Proton pump inhibitor (115, 12%), Xanthine Oxidase inhibitor (10, 1%), Anti-emetic (71, 7%), Multivitamin (77, 8.2%), Antipyretic (27, 2%) and alkalinizer (145, 15%). In this study, the maximum number of patients prescribed with following drugs: Tramadol hydrochloride (85, 9.05%), Ceftriaxone (85, 9%), Nitrofurantoin (47, 5%), Piperacillin (42, 4%), Tazobactum (68, 7%), Pantoprazole (100, 10.65%), Allopurinol (10, 1%), Diclofenac sodium (44, 4.69%) and paracetamol (33, 3%) (Table 4).

Age (in yrs) N % 18-30 61 30.5 31-40 74 37 41-50 42 21 51-60 23 11.5 Gender N % Male 121 60.5 Female 79 39.5 Social habits N % Alcoholic 46 20.62 Betel leaf 10 4.48 Gutka 18 8.07 Smoking 67 30.04 Water intake (L) N % 1-2 L 177 88.5 2.5-3.5 L 23 11.5 BMI (kg/m2) N % Normal weight 192 96 Over weight 8 4 Table 1:
Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Urolithiasis Patients
Surgery N % ESWL 13 6.5 PCNL + DJS 57 28.5 URSL + DJS 62 31 Post Surgical Complication N % Abdominal pain 2 0.79 Difficulty burning urination 31 12.30 Stent discomfort 7 2.77 Fever 46 18.25 Frequent painful and incomplete urination 43 17.06 Pain 48 19.04 Site of stone N % Kidney 121 60.5 Ureter 74 37 Urinary bladder 5 2.5 Number of stone N % 1 Stone 57 28.5 2 Stone 90 45 3 Stone 45 22.5 4 Stone 6 3 5 Stone 2 1 Table 2:
Surgical details classified based on the site of calculi