Adoption and Children Act 2002. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/38/contents. Accessed September 5, 2023.

Allan, S. 2017. Donor conception and the search for ionformation: From secrecy and anonymity to openness. London: Routledge.

Google Scholar 

Assisted Reproductive Technology Act 2007 (NSW). https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/whole/html/inforce/current/act-2007-069. Accessed September 5, 2023.

Assisted Reproductive Treatment Amendment Act 2016 (VIC). https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/as-made/acts/assisted-reproductive-treatment-amendment-act-2016. Accessed September 5, 2023.

Bruce, N. 1990. On the importance of genetic knowledge. Children and Society 4: 183–196.

Article  Google Scholar 

Curie-Cohen, M., L. Luttrell, and S. Shapiro. 1979. Current practice of artificial insemination by donor in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine 300: 585–590.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cohen, G. 2011. Prohibiting anonymous sperm donation and the child welfare error. Hastings Center Report 41: 13–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

———. 2012. Rethinking sperm-donor anonymity: of changed selves, non-identity, and one-night stands. Georgetown Law Journal 100: 431–447.

Google Scholar 

Cohen, I.G., and T.G. Coan. 2013. Can you buy sperm donor identification? An experiment. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 10(4): 715–740.

Cohen, G., T. Coan, M. Ottey, et al. 2016. Sperm donor anonymity and compensation: An experiment with American sperm donors. Journal of Law and the Biosciences 3: 468–488.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dennison, M. 2008. Revealing your sources: The case for non-anonymous gamete donation. Journal of Law and Health 21(1): 1–27.

Google Scholar 

De Melo-Martin, I. 2014. The ethics of anonymous gamete donation: Is there a right to know one’s genetic origins? Hastings Center Report 14(2): 28–35.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dingle, S. 2021. Brave new humans: The dirty reality of donor conception. Melbourne: Hardie Grant Books.

Google Scholar 

Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. 2018. Informing offspring of their conception by gamete or embryo donation: An Ethics Committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility 109: 601–605.

Article  Google Scholar 

Golombok, S., L. Blake, P. Casey, et al. 2013. Children born through reproductive donation: A longitudinal study of psychological adjustment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 54: 653–660.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Golombok, S. 2017. Disclosure and donor-conceived children. Human Reproduction 32(7): 1532–1536.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harper, J., D. Kennett, and D. Reisel. 2016. The end of donor anonymity: How genetic testing is likely to drive anonymous gamete donation out of business. Human Reproduction 31: 1135–1140.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harrigan, M. M., S. Dieter, J. Leinwohl, and L. Marrin. 2015. “It’s just who I am ... I have brown hair. I have a mysterious father”: An exploration of donor-conceived offspring's identity construction. Journal of Family Communication 15(1): 75–93.

Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (Disclosure of Donor Information) Regulations 2004. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2004/1511/contents/made. Accessed September 5, 2023.

Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. 2019. Trends in egg and sperm donation. London: HFEA.

Google Scholar 

Kelly, F., D. Dempsey, and C. Frew. 2019. The donor linking practices of Australian fertility clinics. Journal of Law and Medicine 27: 355–368.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Indekeu, A., J. Scheib, J. Maas, et al. 2021. Factors associated with searching for people related through donor conception among donor-conceived people, parents, and donors: A systematic review. Fertility and Sterility 2: 93–119.

Google Scholar 

Isaksson, S., S. Svanberg, A. Sydsjö, et al. 2011. Two decades after legislation on identifiable donors in Sweden: Are recipient couples ready to be open about using gamete donation? Human Reproduction 26: 853–860.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lampic, C., A. Skoog Svanberg, J. Gudmundsson, et al. 2022. National survey of donor-conceived individuals who requested information about their sperm donor—Experiences from 17 years of identity releases in Sweden. Human Reproduction 37(3): 510–521.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lea, L. 2016. U.K.’s national sperm bank stops recruiting donors. BBC News, October 27.

MacMillan, C., S. Allan, and M. Johnstone. 2021. The motivations of donor-conceived adults for seeking information about, and contact with, sperm donors. Reproductive Biomedicine Online 43(1): 149–158.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mahieu, F., W. Decleer, K. Osmanagaoglu, et al. 2019. Anonymous sperm donors’ attitude towards donation and the release of identifying information. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 36: 20072016.

McCreery, A., and S. Allen. 2021. Donor gamete and surrogacy regulations. O&G Magazine 23(1): 42–44.

Google Scholar 

McGovern, P., and W. Schlaff. 2018. Sperm donor anonymity: A concept rendered obsolete by modern technology. Fertility and Sterility 109: 230–231.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mohapatra, S. 2021. The myth of “anonymous” gamete donation in the age of direct-to-consumer genetic testing. In Consumer genetic technologies ethical and legal considerations, edited by I. Glenn Cohen, N.A. Farahany, H.T. Greely and C. Shachar, 93–106. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

National Health and Medical Research Council. 1996. Ethical guidelines on assisted reproductive technology. Canberra: NHMRC. https://web.archive.org.au/awa/20050714160707mp_/http://www7.health.gov.au/nhmrc/publications/_files/e28.pdf. Accessed July 25, 2023.

———. 2017. Ethical guidelines on the use of assisted reproductive technology in clinical practice and research. Canberra: NHMRC. https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/reports/use-assisted-reproductive-technology.pdf. Accessed July 25, 2023.

Google Scholar 

Pennings, G. 2009. Problematizing donor conception and drawing the right conclusions from the evidence. Fertility and Sterility 115(5): 1179–1180.

Pennings, G. 2022. Gamete donation should be anonymous: Against. In 50 big debates in reproductive biomedicine, edited by R. Homburg, A.H. Balen, and R.F. Casper, 165–166. London: Cambridge.

Google Scholar 

Ravitsky, V. 2010. Knowing where you come from: The rights of donor-conceived individuals and the meaning of genetic relatedness. Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology 11(2): 655–684.

Google Scholar 

Riano-Galen, S., C. Martinez Gonzales, and S. Gallego Riestra. 2021. Ethical and legal questions of anonymity and confidentiality in gamete donation. Anales de Pediatria 94: 337–343.

Google Scholar 

Shukla, U., B. Deval, M. Jansa Perez, et al. 2013. Sperm donor recruitment, attitudes and provider practices—5 years after the removal of donor anonymity. Human Reproduction 28: 676–682.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Symons, X. 2017. The right to know versus the right to privacy: Donor anonymity and the Assisted Reproductive Treatment Amendment Act 2016 (Vic). Medical Journal of Australia 207: 377–378.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taylor Sands, M. 2018. Removing donor anonymity: what does it achieve? Revisiting the welfare of donor-conceived individuals. University of New South Wales Law Journal 41: 526.

Article  Google Scholar 

Turkmendag, I. 2012. The donor-conceived child’s “Right to personal identity”: The public debate on donor anonymity in the United Kingdom. Journal of Law and Society 39: 58–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Turner, A.J., and A. Coyle. 2000. What does it mean to be a donor offspring? The identity experiences of adults conceived by donor insemination and the implications for counselling and therapy. Human Reproduction 15: 2041–2051.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Uniform Parentage Act 2017. https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2018/WorkGroups/House%20Judiciary/Bills/H.562/W~Justice%20Dooley~Uniform%20Parentage%20Act%20(2017)%20with%20Comments~1-10-2018.pdf. Accessed September 5, 2023.

Van den Broeck, U., M. Vandermeeren, D. Vanderschueren, et al. 2013. A systematic review of sperm donors: Demographic characteristics, attitudes, motives and experiences of the process of sperm donation. Human Reproduction Update 19: 37–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Velleman, D. 2008. III.Love and nonexistence. Philosophy and Public Affairs 36(3): 266–288.

Velleman, D. 2015. Beyond price: Essays on birth and death. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers.

Book  Google Scholar 

Warnock, M. 2002. Making babies: Is there a right to have children. London: Oxford University Press.

Google Scholar 

Yee, S. 2009. “Gift without a price tag”: Altruism in anonymous semen donation. Human Reproduction 24: 3–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar