Department of General Surgery, Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan (Drs Kelley, Chapman, and Yang); Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids (Ms Jaje and Messrs Smitterberg and Reed); and Trauma Research Institute, Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan (Messrs Pounders and Groseclose, Mss Krech and Fisk, and Drs Chapman and Yang).

Correspondence: Jesse K. Kelley, MD, 100 Michigan St NE, MC 188, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 ([email protected]).

Dates: Submitted March 15, 2023; Revised June 22, 2023; Accepted, June 22, 2023.

Presented at TraumaCon 2023; March 29–31, 2023; Denver, CO.

Matthew Lypka had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.