Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:7–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liang Y, Wakelee HA. Adjuvant chemotherapy of completely resected early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2013;2:403–10.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pignon JP, Tribodet H, Scagliotti GV, Douillard JY, Shepherd FA, Stephens RJ, et al. Lung adjuvant cisplatin evaluation: a pooled analysis by the LACE Collaborative Group. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3552–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

NSCLC Meta-analysis Collaborative Group. Preoperative chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet. 2014;383:1561–71.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chansky K, Detterbeck FC, Nicholson AG, Rusch VW, Vallières E, Groome P, et al. The IASLC lung cancer staging project: external validation of the revision of the TNM Stage groupings in the eighth edition of the TNM classification of lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2017;12:1109–1121.

Wei SC, Duffy CR, Allison JP. Fundamental mechanisms of immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Cancer Discov. 2018;8:1069–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gadgeel S, Rodríguez-Abreu D, Speranza G, Esteban E, Felip E, Dómine M, et al. Updated analysis from KEYNOTE-189: pembrolizumab or placebo plus pemetrexed and platinum for previously untreated metastatic nonsquamous non–small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38:1505–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paz-Ares L, Vicente D, Tafreshi A, Robinson A, Soto Parra H, Mazières J, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in patients with metastatic squamous NSCLC: protocol-specified final analysis of KEYNOTE-407. J Thorac Oncol. 2020;15:1657–69.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Antonia SJ, Villegas A, Daniel D, Vicente D, Murakami S, Hui R, et al. Durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy in stage III non–small-cell lung cancer. N Eng J Med. 2017;377:1919–29.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Spigel DR, Faivre-Finn C, Gray JE, Vicente D, Planchard D, Paz-Ares L, et al. Five-year survival outcomes from the PACIFIC trial: durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy in stage III non–small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40:1301–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gandhi L, Rodríguez-Abreu D, Gadgeel S, Esteban E, Felip E, De Angelis F, et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer. N Eng J Med. 2018;378:2078–92.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Paz-Ares L, Luft A, Vicente D, Tafreshi A, Gümüş M, Mazières J, et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy for squamous non–small-cell lung cancer. N Eng J Med. 2018;379:2040–51.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Paz-Ares L, Ciuleanu TE, Cobo M, Schenker M, Zurawski B, Menezes J, et al. First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab combined with two cycles of chemotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 9LA): an international, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22:198–211.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Topalian SL, et al. Five-year survival and correlates among patients with advanced melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, or non–small cell lung cancer treated with nivolumab. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5:1411.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chaft JE, Shyr Y, Sepesi B, Forde PM. Preoperative and postoperative systemic therapy for operable non–small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40:546–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Janjigian YY, Wolchok JD, Ariyan CE. Eradicating micrometastases with immune checkpoint blockade: strike while the iron is hot. Cancer Cell. 2021;39:738–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Das RK, Vernau L, Grupp SA, Barrett DM. Naïve T-cell deficits at diagnosis and after chemotherapy impair cell therapy potential in pediatric cancers. Cancer Discov. 2019;9:492–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Felip E, Altorki N, Zhou C, Csőszi T, Vynnychenko I, Goloborodko O. Adjuvant atezolizumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in resected stage IB-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer (IMpower010): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;398:1344–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Forde PM, Spicer J, Lu S, Provencio M, Mitsudomi T, Awad MM, et al. Neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy in resectable lung cancer. N Eng J Med. 2022;386:1973–85.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mittendorf EA, Burgers F, Haanen J, Cascone T. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy: leveraging the immune system to treat early-stage disease. Am Soc Clin Oncol Edu Book. 2022;2:189–203.

Article  Google Scholar 

Topalian SL, Taube JM, Pardoll DM. Neoadjuvant checkpoint blockade for cancer immunotherapy. Science. 2020;367:182.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lou F, Sima CS, Rusch VW, Jones DR, Huang J. Differences in patterns of recurrence in early-stage versus locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;98:1755–61.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

O’Brien M, Paz-Ares L, Marreaud S, Dafni U, Oselin K, Havel L, et al. Pembrolizumab versus placebo as adjuvant therapy for completely resected stage IB-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer (PEARLS/KEYNOTE-091): an interim analysis of a randomised, triple-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2022;23:1274–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Versluis JM, Long GV, Blank CU. Learning from clinical trials of neoadjuvant checkpoint blockade. Nat Med. 2020;26:475–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu J, Blake SJ, Yong MC, Harjunpää H, Ngiow SF, Takeda K, et al. Improved efficacy of neoadjuvant compared to adjuvant immunotherapy to eradicate metastatic disease. Cancer Discov. 2016;6:1382–99.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cascone T, Hamdi H, Zhang F, Poteete A, Li L, Hudgens CW, et al. Abstract 1719: superior efficacy of neoadjuvant compared to adjuvant immune checkpoint blockade in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 2018;78:1719–1719.

Article  Google Scholar 

Blank CU, Rozeman EA, Fanchi LF, Sikorska K, van de Wiel B, Kvistborg P, et al. Neoadjuvant versus adjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab in macroscopic stage III melanoma. Nat Med. 2018;24:1655–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rozeman EA, Menzies AM, van Akkooi ACJ, Adhikari C, Bierman C, van de Wiel BA, et al. Identification of the optimal combination dosing schedule of neoadjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab in macroscopic stage III melanoma (OpACIN-neo): a multicentre, phase 2, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20:948–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel SP, Othus M, Chen Y, Wright GP Jr, Yost KJ, Hyngstrom JR, et al. Neoadjuvant–adjuvant or adjuvant-only pembrolizumab in advanced melanoma. N Eng J Med. 2023;388:813–23.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Provencio M, Nadal E, Insa A, García-Campelo MR, Casal-Rubio J, Dómine M, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and nivolumab in resectable non-small-cell lung cancer (NADIM): an open-label, multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21:1413–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Casarrubios M, Cruz-Bermúdez A, Nadal E, Insa A, García Campelo MDR, Lázaro M, et al. Pretreatment tissue TCR repertoire evenness is associated with complete pathologic response in patients with NSCLC receiving neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27:5878–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Forde PM, Chaft JE, Smith KN, Anagnostou V, Cottrell TR, Hellmann MD, et al. Neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade in resectable lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1976–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang J, Ji Z, Caushi JX, El Asmar M, Anagnostou V, Cottrell TR, et al. Compartmental analysis of T-cell clonal dynamics as a function of pathologic response to neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade in resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2020;26:1327–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Danilova L, Anagnostou V, Caushi JX, Sidhom JW, Guo H, Chan HY, et al. The mutation-associated neoantigen functional expansion of specific T cells (MANAFEST) assay: a sensitive platform for monitoring antitumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Res. 2018;6:888–99.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Caushi JX, Zhang J, Ji Z, Vaghasia A, Zhang B, Hsiue EH, et al. Transcriptional programs of neoantigen-specific TIL in anti-PD-1-treated lung cancers. Nature. 2021;598(7881):E1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Salmon H, Idoyaga J, Rahman A, Leboeuf M, Remark R, Jordan S, et al. Expansion and activation of CD103+ dendritic cell progenitors at the tumor site enhances tumor responses to therapeutic PD-L1 and BRAF inhibition. Immunity. 2016;44:924–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu J, Rozeman EA, O’Donnell JS, Allen S, Fanchi L, Smyth MJ, et al. Batf3+ DCs and type I IFN are critical for the efficacy of neoadjuvant cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology. 2019;8: e1546068.

Article  PubMed