aHumanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester

bEmergency Department, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford

cDepartment of Intensive Care, Southmead Hospital, Bristol

dEmergency Department, Manchester Royal Infirmary

eEmergency Department, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital

fTatton Unit, Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

gDepartment of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Massachusetts, USA

Received 8 October 2022 Accepted 16 March 2023.

*Anisa Jabeen Nasir Jafar and Gabrielle Prager contributed equally to the writing of this article.

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Correspondence to Anisa Jabeen Nasir Jafar, MBChB(e), MRCP, MPH, FRCEM, PhD, Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, Ellen Wilkinson Building, University of Manchester, Devas Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK, Tel: +44 (0)161 275 0245; e-mail: [email protected]