1. Marhofer P, Harrop-Griffiths W, Kettner SC, Kirchmair L. Fifteen years of ultrasound guidance in regional anaesthesia: part 1. Br J Anaesth 2010; 104: 538-46.

2. Barrington MJ, Kluger R. Ultrasound guidance reduces the risk of local anesthetic systemic toxicity following peripheral nerve blockade. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2013; 38: 289-99.

3. Chen XX, Trivedi V, AlSaflan AA, Todd SC, Tricco AC, McCartney CJ, et al. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia simulation training: a systematic review. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2017; 42: 741-50.

4. Sites BD, Gallagher JD, Cravero J, Lundberg J, Blike G. The learning curve associated with a simulated ultrasound-guided interventional task by inexperienced anesthesia residents. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2004; 29: 544-8.

5. de Oliveira Filho GR, Helayel PE, da Conceição DB, Garzel IS, Pavei P, Ceccon MS. Learning curves and mathematical models for interventional ultrasound basic skills. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: 568-73.

6. Barrington MJ, Wong DM, Slater B, Ivanusic JJ, Ovens M. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: how much practice do novices require before achieving competency in ultrasound needle visualization using a cadaver model. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2012; 37: 334-9.

7. Slater RJ, Castanelli DJ, Barrington MJ. Learning and teaching motor skills in regional anesthesia: a different perspective. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2014; 39: 230-9.

8. Nix CM, Margarido CB, Awad IT, Avila A, Cheung JJ, Dubrowski A, et al. A scoping review of the evidence for teaching ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2013; 38: 471-80.

9. Sites BD, Chan VW, Neal JM, Weller R, Grau T, Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ, et al. The American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine and the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy joint committee recommendations for education and training in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010; 35(2 Suppl): S74-80.

10. Smith HM, Kopp SL, Jacob AK, Torsher LC, Hebl JR. Designing and implementing a comprehensive learner-centered regional anesthesia curriculum. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2009; 34: 88-94.

11. O'Sullivan O, Shorten GD, Aboulafia A. Determinants of learning ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus blockade. Clin Teach 2011; 8: 236-40.

12. Martin G, Lineberger CK, MacLeod DB, El-Moalem HE, Breslin DS, Hardman D, et al. A new teaching model for resident training in regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2002; 95: 1423-7.

13. Tan JS, Chin KJ, Chan VW. Developing a training program for peripheral nerve blockade: the "nuts and bolts". Int Anesthesiol Clin 2010; 48: 1-11.

14. Niazi AU, Peng PW, Ho M, Tiwari A, Chan VW. The future of regional anesthesia education: lessons learned from the surgical specialty. Can J Anaesth 2016; 63: 966-72.

16. Neal JM, Gravel Sullivan A, Rosenquist RW, Kopacz DJ. Regional anesthesia and pain medicine: US anesthesiology residenttraining-the year 2015. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2017; 42: 437-41.

17. Moon TS, Lim E, Kinjo S. A survey of education and confidence level among graduating anesthesia residents with regard to selected peripheral nerve blocks. BMC Anesthesiol 2013; 13: 16.

18. Yamamoto S, Tanaka P, Madsen MV, Macario A. Comparing anesthesiology residency training structure and requirements in seven different countries on three continents. Cureus 2017; 9: e1060.

19. Farjad Sultan S, Iohom G, Shorten G. Effect of feedback content on novices' learning ultrasound guided interventional procedures. Minerva Anestesiol 2013; 79: 1269-80.

20. Ramlogan R, Manickam B, Chan VW, Liang L, Adhikary SD, Liguori GA, et al. Challenges and training tools associated with the practice of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: a survey of the American society of regional anesthesia and pain medicine. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010; 35: 224-6.

21. Boet S, Bould MD, Fung L, Qosa H, Perrier L, Tavares W, et al. Transfer of learning and patient outcome in simulated crisis resource management: a systematic review. Can J Anaesth 2014; 61: 571-82.

22. Atesok K, Satava RM, Van Heest A, Hogan MV, Pedowitz RA, Fu FH, et al. Retention of skills after simulation-based training in orthopaedic surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2016; 24: 505-14.

23. Udani AD, Kim TE, Howard SK, Mariano ER. Simulation in teaching regional anesthesia: current perspectives. Local Reg Anesth 2015; 8: 33-43.

24. Murray DJ. Progress in simulation education: developing an anesthesia curriculum. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2014; 27: 610-5.

25. Niazi AU, Haldipur N, Prasad AG, Chan VW. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia performance in the early learning period: effect of simulation training. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2012; 37: 51-4.

26. Yunoki K, Sakai T. The role of simulation training in anesthesiology resident education. J Anesth 2018; 32: 425-33.

27. Shafqat A, Ferguson E, Thanawala V, Bedforth NM, Hardman JG, McCahon RA. Visuospatial ability as a predictor of novice performance in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2015; 123: 1188-97.

28. Chiu M, Tarshis J, Antoniou A, Bosma TL, Burjorjee JE, Cowie N, et al. Simulation-based assessment of anesthesiology residents' competence: development and implementation of the Canadian National Anesthesiology Simulation Curriculum (CanNASC). Can J Anaesth 2016; 63: 1357-63.

29. Wegener JT, van Doorn CT, Eshuis JH, Hollmann MW, Preckel B, Stevens MF. Value of an electronic tutorial for image interpretation in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2013; 38: 44-9.

30. Ihnatsenka B, Boezaart AP. Ultrasound: Basic understanding and learning the language. Int J Shoulder Surg 2010; 4: 55-62.

31. Orebaugh SL, Bigeleisen PE, Kentor ML. Impact of a regional anesthesia rotation on ultrasonographic identification of anatomic structures by anesthesiology residents. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53: 364-8.

32. Ramlogan R, Niazi AU, Jin R, Johnson J, Chan VW, Perlas A. A virtual reality simulation model of spinal ultrasound: role in teaching spinal sonoanatomy. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2017; 42: 217-22.

33. Woodworth GE, Chen EM, Horn JL, Aziz MF. Efficacy of computer-based video and simulation in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia training. J Clin Anesth 2014; 26: 212-21.

34. VanderWielen BA, Harris R, Galgon RE, VanderWielen LM, Schroeder KM. Teaching sonoanatomy to anesthesia faculty and residents: utility of hands-on gel phantom and instructional video training models. J Clin Anesth 2015; 27: 188-94.

35. Barrington MJ, Viero LP, Kluger R, Clarke AL, Ivanusic JJ, Wong DM. Determining the learning curve for acquiring core sonographic skills for ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2016; 41: 667-70.

36. Xu D, Abbas S, Chan VW. Ultrasound phantom for hands-on practice. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005; 30: 593-4.

37. Pollard BA. New model for learning ultrasound-guided needle to target localization. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2008; 33: 360-2.

38. Rosenberg AD, Popovic J, Albert DB, Altman RA, Marshall MH, Sommer RM, et al. Three partial-task simulators for teaching ultrasoundguided regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2012; 37: 106-10.

39. Mariano ER, Harrison TK, Kim TE, Kan J, Shum C, Gaba DM, et al. Evaluation of a standardized program for training practicing anesthesiologists in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia skills. J Ultrasound Med 2015; 34: 1883-93.

40. Kim TE, Ganaway T, Harrison TK, Howard SK, Shum C, Kuo A. Implementation of clinical practice changes by experienced anesthesiologists after simulation-based ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia training. Korean J Anesthesiol 2017; 70: 318-26.

41. Tsui B, Dillane D, Pillay J, Walji A. Ultrasound imaging in cadavers: training in imaging for regional blockade at the trunk. Can J Anaesth 2008; 55: 105-11.

42. Hocking G, Hebard S, Mitchell CH. A review of the benefits and pitfalls of phantoms in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2011; 36: 162-70.

43. Kim SC, Hauser S, Staniek A, Weber S. Learning curve of medical students in ultrasound-guided simulated nerve block. J Anesth 2014; 28: 76-80.

44. Baranauskas MB, Margarido CB, Panossian C, Silva ED, Campanella MA, Kimachi PP. Simulation of ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve block: learning curve of CET-SMA/HSL Anesthesiology residents. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2008; 58: 106-11.

45. Liu Y, Glass NL, Glover CD, Power RW, Watcha MF. Comparison of the development of performance skills in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia simulations with different phantom models. Simul Healthc 2013; 8: 368-75.

46. Chuan A, Lim YC, Aneja H, Duce NA, Appleyard R, Forrest K, et al. A randomised controlled trial comparing meat-based with human cadaveric models for teaching ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2016; 71: 921-9.

47. Friedman Z, Siddiqui N, Katznelson R, Devito I, Bould MD, Naik V. Clinical impact of epidural anesthesia simulation on short- and longterm learning curve: High- versus low-fidelity model training. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2009; 34: 229-32.

48. Norman G, Dore K, Grierson L. The minimal relationship between simulation fidelity and transfer of learning. Med Educ 2012; 46: 636-47.

49. Reusz G, Sarkany P, Gal J, Csomos A. Needle-related ultrasound artifacts and their importance in anaesthetic practice. Br J Anaesth 2014; 112: 794-802.

50. Kessler J, Wegener JT, Hollmann MW, Stevens MF. Teaching concepts in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2016; 29: 608-13.

51. Smith AF, Pope C, Goodwin D, Mort M. What defines expertise in regional anaesthesia? An observational analysis of practice. Br J Anaesth 2006; 97: 401-7.

52. Burckett-St Laurent DA, Cunningham MS, Abbas S, Chan VW, Okrainec A, Niazi AU. Teaching ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia remotely: a feasibility study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2016; 60: 995-1002.

53. Neal JM, Hsiung RL, Mulroy MF, Halpern BB, Dragnich AD, Slee AE. ASRA checklist improves trainee performance during a simulated episode of local anesthetic systemic toxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2012; 37: 8-15.

54. Garcia-Tomas V, Schwengel D, Ouanes JP, Hall S, Hanna MN. Improved residents' knowledge after an advanced regional anesthesia education program. Middle East J Anaesthesiol 2014; 22: 419-27.

55. Woodworth GE, Carney PA, Cohen JM, Kopp SL, Vokach-Brodsky LE, Horn JL, et al. Development and validation of an assessment of regional anesthesia ultrasound interpretation skills. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2015; 40: 306-14.

56. Naik VN, Perlas A, Chandra DB, Chung DY, Chan VW. An assessment tool for brachial plexus regional anesthesia performance: establishing construct validity and reliability. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2007; 32: 41-5.

57. Cheung JJ, Chen EW, Darani R, McCartney CJ, Dubrowski A, Awad IT. The creation of an objective assessment tool for ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia using the Delphi method. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2012; 37: 329-33.

58. Wong DM, Watson MJ, Kluger R, Chuan A, Herrick MD, Ng I, et al. Evaluation of a task-specific checklist and global rating scale for ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2014; 39: 399-408.

59. Chuan A, Graham PL, Wong DM, Barrington MJ, Auyong DB, Cameron AJ, et al. Design and validation of the Regional Anaesthesia Procedural Skills Assessment Tool. Anaesthesia 2015; 70: 1401-11.

60. Edgar L, Elkassabany N, Maniker R, Mariano ER, Parra M, Rosenquist RW, et al. The regional anesthesiology and acute pain medicine milestone project. A joint initiative of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the American Board of Anesthesiology [Internet]. Chicago (IL): ACGME. 2018. Feb [cited 2018 Sep 29]. Available from https://www.acgme.org/Specialties/Milestones/pfcatid/6/Anesthesiology. 61. Udani AD, Macario A, Nandagopal K, Tanaka MA, Tanaka PP. Simulation-based mastery learning with deliberate practice improves clinical performance in spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2014; 2014: 659160.

62. Udani AD, Harrison TK, Mariano ER, Derby R, Kan J, Ganaway T, et al. Comparative-effectiveness of simulation-based deliberate practice versus self-guided practice on resident anesthesiologists' acquisition of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia skills. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2016; 41: 151-7.

63. Rutledge C, Walsh CM, Swinger N, Auerbach M, Castro D, Dewan M, et al. Gamification in action: theoretical and practical considerations for medical educators. Acad Med 2018; 93: 1014-20.

64. Nevin CR, Westfall AO, Rodriguez JM, Dempsey DM, Cherrington A, Roy B, et al. Gamification as a tool for enhancing graduate medical education. Postgrad Med J 2014; 90: 685-93.

65. Sailer M, Hense JU, Mayr SK, Mandl H. How gamification motivates: An experimental study of the effects of specific game design elements on psychological need satisfaction. Comput Human Behav 2017; 69: 371-80.

66. Yunyongying P. Gamification: implications for curricular design. J Grad Med Educ 2014; 6: 410-2.

67. Enter DH, Lee R, Fann JI, Hicks GL Jr, Verrier ED, Mark R, et al. "Top Gun" competition: motivation and practice narrows the technical skill gap among new cardiothoracic surgery residents. Ann Thorac Surg 2015; 99: 870-5.

68. Lobo V, Stromberg AQ, Rosston P. The sound games: introducing gamification into stanford's orientationon emergency ultrasound. Cureus 2017; 9: e1699.

69. Lamb LC, DiFiori MM, Jayaraman V, Shames BD, Feeney JM. Gamified twitter microblogging to support resident preparation for the american board of surgery in-service training examination. J Surg Educ 2017; 74: 986-991.

70. Liteplo AS, Carmody K, Fields MJ, Liu RB, Lewiss RE. SonoGames: effect of an innovative competitive game on the education, perception, and use of point-of-care ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med 2018; 37: 2491-6.

71. Yuh DD. Gamification in thoracic surgery education: a slam dunk? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 150: 1038-9.

72. Corvetto MA, Echevarria GC, Espinoza AM, Altermatt FR. Which types of peripheral nerve blocks should be included in residency training programs? BMC Anesthesiol 2015; 15: 32.

73. Moulton CA, Dubrowski A, Macrae H, Graham B, Grober E, Reznick R. Teaching surgical skills: what kind of practice makes perfect?: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Surg 2006; 244: 400-9.

74. Stefanidis D, Korndorffer JR Jr, Markley S, Sierra R, Scott DJ. Proficiency maintenance: impact of ongoing simulator training on laparoscopic skill retention. J Am Coll Surg 2006; 202: 599-603.

75. Scerbo MW, Britt RC, Montano M, Kennedy RA, Prytz E, Stefanidis D. Effects of a retention interval and refresher session on intracorporeal suturing and knot tying skill and mental workload. Surgery 2017; 161: 1209-14.

76. Derossis AM, Fried GM, Abrahamowicz M, Sigman HH, Barkun JS, Meakins JL. Development of a model for training and evaluation of laparoscopic skills. Am J Surg 1998; 175: 482-7.

77. Cecilio-Fernandes D, Cnossen F, Jaarsma DADC, Tio RA. Avoiding surgical skill decay: a systematic review on the spacing of training sessions. J Surg Educ 2018; 75: 471-80.

78. Van Bruwaene S, Schijven MP, Miserez M. Maintenance training for laparoscopic suturing: the quest for the perfect timing and training model: a randomized trial. Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 3823-9.

79. Mashaud LB, Castellvi AO, Hollett LA, Hogg DC, Tesfay ST, Scott DJ. Two-year skill retention and certification exam performance after fundamentals of laparoscopic skills training and proficiency maintenance. Surgery 2010; 148: 194-201.

80. Kerfoot BP, Kissane N. The use of gamification to boost residents' engagement in simulation training. JAMA Surg 2014; 149: 1208-9.

81. Lewiss RE, Hayden GE, Murray A, Liu YT, Panebianco N, Liteplo AS. SonoGames: an innovative approach to emergency medicine resident ultrasound education. J Ultrasound Med 2014; 33: 1843-9.

82. Mokadam NA, Lee R, Vaporciyan AA, Walker JD, Cerfolio RJ, Hermsen JL, et al. Gamification in thoracic surgical education: Using competition to fuel performance. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 150: 1052-8.