Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 2020;395(10219):200–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32989-7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801–10. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.0287.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jacobi J. Pathophysiology of sepsis. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2002;59(Suppl 1):S3–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/59.suppl_1.S3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

What is sepsis? Centers for disease control and prevention. (2022). https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/what-is-sepsis.html. Accessed 22 Feb 2022.

Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(16):1546–54. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022139.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Poutsiaka DD, Davidson LE, Kahn KL, Bates DW, Snydman DR, Hibberd PL. Risk factors for death after sepsis in patients immunosuppressed before the onset of sepsis. Scand J Infect Dis. 2009;41(6–7):469–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365540902962756.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee J, Cho YJ, Kim SJ, et al. Who dies after ICU discharge? retrospective analysis of prognostic factors for in-hospital mortality of ICU survivors. J Korean Med Sci. 2017;32(3):528–33. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2017.32.3.528.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Danai PA, Moss M, Mannino DM, Martin GS. The epidemiology of sepsis in patients with malignancy. Chest. 2006;129(6):1432–40. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.129.6.1432.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Macedo F, Nunes C, Ladeira K, et al. Antimicrobial therapy in palliative care: an overview. Support Care Cancer. 2018;26(5):1361–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-018-4090-8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Montmollin E, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte Y, Legrand M, et al. Outcomes in critically ill cancer patients with septic shock of pulmonary origin. Shock. 2013;39(3):250–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0b013e3182866d32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aygencel G, Turkoglu M, TurkozSucak G, Benekli M. Prognostic factors in critically ill cancer patients admitted to the intensive care unit. J Crit Care. 2014;29(4):618–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.01.014.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Awad WB, Nazer L, Elfarr S, Abdullah M, Hawari F. A 12-year study evaluating the outcomes and predictors of mortality in critically ill cancer patients admitted with septic shock. BMC Cancer. 2021;21(1):709. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08452-w. This was a longitudinal study which demonstrated a high mortality rate for patients with sepsis. It also suggested that a higher APACHE II score was associated with increased risk for mortality in cancer patients with sepsis.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mrus JM, Braun L, Yi MS, Linde-Zwirble WT, Johnston JA. Impact of HIV/AIDS on care and outcomes of severe sepsis. Crit Care. 2005;9(6):R623–30. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc3811.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tolsma V, Schwebel C, Azoulay E, et al. Sepsis severe or septic shock: outcome according to immune status and immunodeficiency profile. Chest. 2014;146(5):1205–13. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.13-2618.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Degoricija V, Sharma M, Legac A, Gradiser M, Sefer S, Vucicević Z. Survival analysis of 314 episodes of sepsis in medical intensive care unit in university hospital: impact of intensive care unit performance and antimicrobial therapy. Croat Med J. 2006;47(3):385–97.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mokart D, Lambert J, Schnell D, et al. Delayed intensive care unit admission is associated with increased mortality in patients with cancer with acute respiratory failure. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54(8):1724–9. https://doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2012.753446.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jones AE, Trzeciak S, Kline JA. The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score for predicting outcome in patients with severe sepsis and evidence of hypoperfusion at the time of emergency department presentation. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(5):1649–54. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31819def97.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chou KT, Chen CS, Su KC, et al. Hospital outcomes for patients with stage III and IV lung cancer admitted to the intensive care unit for sepsis-related acute respiratory failure. J Palliat Med. 2012;15(11):1234–9. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2012.0084.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med. 1985;13(10):818–29.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Regazzoni CJ, Irrazabal C, Luna CM, Poderoso JJ. Cancer patients with septic shock: mortality predictors and neutropenia. Support Care Cancer. 2004;12(12):833–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-004-0667-5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kelley AS, Morrison RS. Palliative care for the seriously ill. NEJM. 2015;373:747–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Temel JS, Greer JA, Lynch TJ. Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. NEJM. 2010;363:733–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taylor SP, Chou SH, Sierra MF, et al. Association between adherence to recommended care and outcomes for adult survivors of sepsis. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020;17(1):89–97. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201907-514OC. This study provides evidence in support of the importance of a palliative care consult. Palliative care consultation for appropriate patients resulted in improved readmission rates for those in the ICU. Additionally, the authors report that palliative care consultation did not occur in almost half of the appropriate patients.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Penrod JD, Deb P, Morrison RS. Cost and utilization outcomes of patients receiving hospital-based palliative care consultation. J Palliat Med. 2006;9(6):1509.

Google Scholar 

Nortan SA, Hogan LA, Quill TE. Proactive palliative care in the medical intensive care unit: effects on length of stay for selected high-risk patients. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(6):1530–5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Helde-Frankling M, Bergqvist J, Bergman P, Björkhem-Bergman L. Antibiotic treatment in end-of-life cancer patients-a retrospective observational study at a palliative care center in Sweden. Cancers (Basel). 2016;8(9):84. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers8090084. (Published 2016 Sep 6).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stiel S, Krumm N, Pestinger M, et al. Antibiotics in palliative medicine–results from a prospective epidemiological investigation from the HOPE survey. Support Care Cancer. 2012;20(2):325–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-011-1084-1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luyt CE, Bréchot N, Trouillet JL, et al. Antibiotic stewardship in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2014;18:480. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0480-6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Juthani-Mehta M, Malani PN, Mitchell SL. Antimicrobials at the end of life: an opportunity to improve palliative care and infection management. JAMA. 2015;314(19):2017–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.13080.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clayton J, Fardell B, Hutton-Potts J, Webb D, Chye R. Parenteral antibiotics in a palliative care unit: prospective analysis of current practice. Palliat Med. 2003;17(1):44–8. https://doi.org/10.1191/0269216303pm595oa.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oh DY, Kim JH, Kim DW, et al. Antibiotic use during the last days of life in cancer patients. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2006;15(1):74–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2354.2005.00603.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar