Chen HJ, Tas SW, de Winther MPJ. Type-I interferons in atherosclerosis. J Exp Med. 2020;217(1):e20190459.

Article  Google Scholar 

Maracle CX, Agca R, Helder B, Meeuwsen JAL, Niessen HWM, Biessen EAL, et al. Noncanonical NF-κB signaling in microvessels of atherosclerotic lesions is associated with inflammation, atheromatous plaque morphology and myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis. 2018;270:33–41.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vavlukis M, Pop-Gjorcevab D, Poposka L, Sandevska E, Kedev S. Myocardial Infarction in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - the Sex-Specific Risk Profile. Curr Pharm Des. 2021;27(29):3221–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Restivo V, Candiloro S, Daidone M, Norrito R, Cataldi M, Minutolo G, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular risk in rheumatological disease: symptomatic and non-symptomatic events in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev. 2021;21(1):102925.

Article  Google Scholar 

Levy DM, Kamphuis S. Systemic lupus erythematosus in children and adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2012;59(2):345–64.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tydén H, Lood C, Gullstrand B, Jönsen A, Nived O, Sturfelt G, et al. Increased serum levels of S100A8/A9 and S100A12 are associated with cardiovascular disease in patients with inactive systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013;52(11):2048–55.

Article  Google Scholar 

Manzi S, Meilahn EN, Rairie JE, Conte CG, Medsger TA Jr, Jansen-McWilliams L, et al. Age-specific incidence rates of myocardial infarction and angina in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison with the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;145(5):408–15.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Conrad N, Verbeke G, Molenberghs G, Goetschalckx L, Callender T, Cambridge G, et al. Autoimmune diseases and cardiovascular risk: a population-based study on 19 autoimmune diseases and 12 cardiovascular diseases in 22 million individuals in the UK. Lancet. 2022;400(10354):733–43.

Article  Google Scholar 

Boodhoo KD, Liu S, Zuo X. Impact of sex disparities on the clinical manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(29):e4272.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vogel B, Acevedo M, Appelman Y, Bairey Merz CN, Chieffo A, Figtree GA, et al. The Lancet women and cardiovascular disease Commission: reducing the global burden by 2030. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2385–438.

Article  Google Scholar 

Groot N, Shaikhani D, Teng YKO, de Leeuw K, Bijl M, Dolhain R, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes in a cohort of adults with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(2):290–301.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Westerweel PE, Luyten RK, Koomans HA, Derksen RH, Verhaar MC. Premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(5):1384–96.

Article  Google Scholar 

Al-Soudi A, Kaaij MH, Tas SW. Endothelial cells: From innocent bystanders to active participants in immune responses. Autoimmun Rev. 2017;16(9):951–62.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Perez-Sanchez C, Ruiz-Limon P, Aguirre MA, Bertolaccini ML, Khamashta MA, Rodriguez-Ariza A, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in antiphospholipid syndrome: implications in the pathogenesis of the disease and effects of coenzyme Q(10) treatment. Blood. 2012;119(24):5859–70.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mak A, Kow NY, Schwarz H, Gong L, Tay SH, Ling LH. Endothelial dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus - a case-control study and an updated meta-analysis and meta-regression. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):7320.

Article  Google Scholar 

Libby P. The changing landscape of atherosclerosis. Nature. 2021;592(7855):524–33.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Theodorou K, Boon RA. Endothelial cell metabolism in atherosclerosis. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2018;6:82.

Article  Google Scholar 

Teixeira V, Tam LS. Novel Insights in systemic lupus erythematosus and atherosclerosis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2017;4:262.

Article  Google Scholar 

Skaggs BJ, Hahn BH, McMahon M. Accelerated atherosclerosis in patients with SLE–mechanisms and management. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8(4):214–23.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ritis K, Doumas M, Mastellos D, Micheli A, Giaglis S, Magotti P, et al. A novel C5a receptor-tissue factor cross-talk in neutrophils links innate immunity to coagulation pathways. J Immunol. 2006;177(7):4794–802.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Schonenberg-Meinema D, Bergkamp SC, Nassar-Sheikh Rashid A, van der Aa LB, de Bree GJ, Ten Cate R, Cutolo M, Hak AE, Hissink Muller PC, van Onna M, Kuijpers TW, Smith V, van den Berg JM. Nailfold capillary abnormalities in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study compared with healthy controls. Lupus. 2021;30(5):818–27.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bergkamp SC, Schonenberg-Meinema D, Nassar-Sheikh Rashid A, Melsens K, Vanhaecke A, Boumans MJH, et al. Reliable detection of subtypes of nailfold capillary haemorrhages in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2021;39:1126.

Article  Google Scholar 

Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation. BMJ. 2015;349:g7647.

Article  Google Scholar 

NIH QA. National Institutes of Health (2014). Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Available online at: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-pro/guidelines/in-develop/cardiovascular-risk-reduction/tools/cohort. (Accessed Dec 2020). 2020.

Stock W. Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysi’s:Larry V. Hedges and Ingram Olkin Orlando FL: Academic Press, 1985, 369 pp., approx. $49.00. Appl Psychol Meas. 1987;11(1):104–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Suurmond R, van Rhee H, Hak T. Introduction, comparison, and validation of meta-essentials: a free and simple tool for meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2017;8(4):537–53.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sánchez-Meca J, Marín-Martínez F. Confidence intervals for the overall effect size in random-effects meta-analysis. Psychol Methods. 2008;13(1):31–48.

Article  Google Scholar 

el-Gamal YM, Heshmat NM, el-Kerdany TH, Fawzy AF. Serum thrombomodulin in systemic lupus erythematosus and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2004;15(3):270–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Heshmat NM, El-Kerdany TH. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007;18(4):346–53.

Article  Google Scholar 

Elhelaly N, Elhawary I, Alaziz I, Alsalam M, Elfishawy H, Sherif M. The clinical utility of vascular endothelial growth factor as predictive marker for systemic lupus erythematosus activity in children and adolescents. J Biol Sci. 2009;9(6):549–54.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sahin S, Adrovic A, Barut K, Durmus S, Gelisgen R, Uzun H, et al. Pentraxin-3 levels are associated with vasculitis and disease activity in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2017;26(10):1089–94.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang CX, Cai L, Shao K, Wu J, Zhou W, Cao LF, et al. Serum IP-10 is useful for identifying renal and overall disease activity in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Nephrol. 2018;33(5):837–45.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lee WF, Wu CY, Yang HY, Lee WI, Chen LC, Ou LS, et al. Biomarkers associating endothelial Dysregulation in pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematous. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2019;17(1):69.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mostmans Y, Cutolo M, Giddelo C, Decuman S, Melsens K, Declercq H, et al. The role of endothelial cells in the vasculopathy of systemic sclerosis: a systematic review. Autoimmun Rev. 2017;16(8):774–86.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cook-Mills JM, Marchese ME, Abdala-Valencia H. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression and signaling during disease: regulation by reactive oxygen species and antioxidants. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011;15(6):1607–38.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jośko J, Gwóźdź B, Jedrzejowska-Szypułka H, Hendryk S. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its effect on angiogenesis. Med Sci Monit. 2000;6(5):1047–52.

Google Scholar 

Camaré C, Pucelle M, Nègre-Salvayre A, Salvayre R. Angiogenesis in the atherosclerotic plaque. Redox Biol. 2017;12:18–34.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kikuchi K, Kubo M, Kadono T, Yazawa N, Ihn H, Tamaki K. Serum concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor in collagen diseases. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139(6):1049–51.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Boehme MW, Raeth U, Galle PR, Stremmel W, Scherbaum WA. Serum thrombomodulin-a reliable marker of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): advantage over established serological parameters to indicate disease activity. Clin Exp Immunol. 2000;119(1):189–95.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nakano T, Kawamoto K, Higashino K-i, Arita H. Prevention of growth arrest-induced cell death of vascular smooth muscle cells by a product of growth arrest-specific gene, gas6. FEBS Lett. 1996;387(1):78–80.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Laurance S, Lemarié CA, Blostein MD. Growth arrest-specific gene 6 (gas6) and vascular hemostasis. Adv Nutr. 2012;3(2):196–203.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wu Q, Guan SY, Dan YL, Zhao CN, Mao YM, Liu LN, et al. Circulating pentraxin-3 levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis. Biomark Med. 2019;13(16):1417–27.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fridell YW, Villa J Jr, Attar EC, Liu ET. GAS6 induces Axl-mediated chemotaxis of vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 1998;273(12):7123–6.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kim HA, Nam JY, Jeon JY, An JM, Jung JY, Bae CB, et al. Serum growth arrest-specific protein 6 levels are a reliable biomarker of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Immunol. 2013;33(1):143–50.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shimada Y, Asanuma YF, Yokota K, Yoshida Y, Kajiyama H, Sato K, et al. Pentraxin 3 is associated with disease activity but not atherosclerosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Mod Rheumatol. 2014;24(1):78–85.

Article  CAS