Individualized hemodynamic optimization often requires cardiac output monitoring, mostly for goal-directed therapy in the operating room and fluid responsiveness assessment in the intensive care unit. Different technologies for noninvasive cardiac output determination have become available over the recent years. It is therefore crucial for care providers to be made aware of the advantages and limitations of those different devices for an appropriate use at the bedside.

Nowadays, different noninvasive technologies exist, each with their advantages and limitations, but none are considered interchangeable with bolus thermodilution. Different clinical studies however, emphasize that the trending ability of such devices allows to guide decisions from care providers, and that their use may be associated with improved prognosis, especially in the operating room. Recent studies have also reported their potential use for hemodynamic optimization in specific populations.

Noninvasive cardiac output monitoring may have a clinical impact on patient outcomes. Further studies are required to evaluate their clinical relevance, notably in the intensive care unit. Noninvasive monitoring opens up the possibility for hemodynamic optimization in specific or low-risk populations, the benefit of which remains to be assessed.