Lessons from a Neurologist After 25 Years of Functional Neurological Disorder Subspeciality Practice

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The ‘disappearance’of hysteria: historical mystery or illusion?.

J R Soc Med. 2008; 101: 12-18Tolchin B. Baslet G. Dworetzky B.

Psychogenic seizures and medical humor: Jokes as a damaging defense.

Epilepsy Behav. 2016; 64: 26-28Fend M. Williams L. Carson A.J. et al.

The Arc de Siècle: functional neurological disorder during the ‘forgotten’ years of the 20th century.

Brain. 2020; 143: 1278-1284

Carson A.J., Stone J., Warlow C., et al., Patients whom neurologists find difficult to help, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr, 75 (12), 2004, 1776-11778.

Modernizing Psychiatry Training for Neurologists—From Off-Service to In-Service.

JAMA Neurol. 2022; 79: 113Stone J. Reuber M. Carson A.

Functional symptoms in neurology: mimics and chameleons.

Practical Neurol. 2013; 13: 104-113Stone J. Carson A. Duncan R. et al.

Symptoms “unexplained by organic disease” in 1144 new neurology out-patients: how often does the diagnosis change at follow-up?.

Brain. 2009; 132: 2878-2888Walzl D. Carson A.J. Stone J.

The misdiagnosis of functional disorders as other neurological conditions.

J Neurol. 2019; 266: 2018-2026Walzl D. Solomon A.J. Stone J.

Functional neurological disorder and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of misdiagnosis and clinical overlap.

J Neurol. 2022; 269: 654-663

Flanagan E.P., Geschwind M.D., Lopez-Chiriboga A.S., et al., Autoimmune encephalitis misdiagnosis in adults, JAMA Neurol, 80(1), 2023, 30-39.

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Stressful life events and maltreatment in conversion (functional neurological) disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies.

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Are there physical risk factors for psychogenic non-epileptic seizures in patients with epilepsy?.

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Functional neurological disorders in Parkinson disease.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2018; 89: 566-571Onofrj M. Russo M. Carrarini C. et al.

Functional neurological disorder and somatic symptom disorder in Parkinson’s disease.

J Neurol Sci. 2022; 433: 120017Gelauff J.M. Carson A. Ludwig L. et al.

The prognosis of functional limb weakness: a 14-year case-control study.

Brain. 2019; 142: 2137-2148

False Positive Hoover’s Sign in Apraxia.

Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2020; 7: 567-568Edwards M.J. Yogarajah M. Stone J.

Why functional neurological disorder is not feigning or malingering.

Nat Rev Neurol. 2023; 19: 246-256Adams C. Anderson J. Madva E.N. et al.

You’ve made the diagnosis of functional neurological disorder: now what?.

Practical Neurol. 2018; 18: 323-330Shipston-Sharman O. Popkirov S. Hansen C.H. et al.

Prognosis in functional and recognised pathophysiological neurological disorders - a shared basis.

J Psychosom Res. 2022; 152: 110681

Prognosis of functional neurologic disorders.

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Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Health Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Behav Cognit Psychother. 2017; 45: 110-123

Finkelstein SA, Carson A, Edwards MJ, et al. Setting up functional neurological disorder treatment services: questions and answers. Neurol Clin 2023; In Press.

European Academy of Neurology. European Training Requirements for Neurology. 2021. Available at: https://www.ean.org/learn/career-development/european-curricula.

Joint Royal Colleges of Physicians Training Board. Curriculum for Neurology Training. 2022. Available at: https://www.jrcptb.org.uk/specialties/neurology.

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Functional neurological disorder: new subtypes and shared mechanisms.

Lancet Neurol. 2022; 21: 537-550

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