Alzheimer’s Association

2018 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures.

Alzheimers Dement. 14: 367-429Petersen R.C. Lopez O. Armstrong M.J. et al.

Practice guideline update summary: mild cognitive impairment: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation subcommittee of the american academy of neurology.

Neurology. 90: 126-135Hebert L.E. Beckett L.A. Scherr P.A. et al.

Annual Incidence of Alzheimer Disease in the United States Projected to the Years 2000 Through 2050.

Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 15: 169-173Hebert L.E. Weuve J. Scherr P.A. et al.

Alzheimer disease in the United States (2010-2050) estimated using the 2010 census.

Neurology. 80: 1778-1783Chêne G. Beiser A. Au R. et al.

Gender and incidence of dementia in the Framingham Heart Study from mid-adult life.

Alzheimer's Dementia. 11: 310-320Brodaty H. Seeher K. Gibson L.

Dementia time to death: a systematic literature review on survival time and years of life lost in people with dementia.

Int Psychogeriatr. 24: 1034-1045Andolf E. Bladh M. Möller L. et al.

Prior placental bed disorders and later dementia: a retrospective Swedish register-based cohort study.

BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 127: 1090-1099Basit S. Wohlfahrt J. Boyd H.A.

Pre-eclampsia and risk of dementia later in life: nationwide cohort study.

BMJ. 363: k4109Fields J.A. Garovic V.D. Mielke M.M. et al.

Preeclampsia and cognitive impairment later in life.

Am J Obstet Gynecol. 217: 74.e1-74.e11Coppus A.M.W. Evenhuis H.M. Verberne G.J. et al.

Early Age at Menopause is Associated with Increased risk of Dementia and Mortality in Women with Down Syndrome.

J Alzheimers Dis. 19: 545-550Phung T.K.T. Waltoft B.L. Laursen T.M. et al.

Hysterectomy, oophorectomy and risk of dementia: a nationwide historical cohort study.

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 30: 43-50Rocca W.A. Bower J.H. Maraganore D.M. et al.

Increased risk of cognitive impairment or dementia in women who underwent oophorectomy before menopause.

Neurology. 69: 1074-1083Rocca W.A. Lohse C.M. Smith C.Y. et al.

Association of premenopausal bilateral oophorectomy with cognitive performance and risk of mild cognitive impairment.

JAMA Netw Open. 4: e2131448

Conjugated equine estrogens and incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: women's health initiative memory study.

JAMA. 291: 2947Shumaker S.A. Legault C. Rapp S.R. et al.

Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the women's health initiative memory study: a randomized controlled trial.

JAMA. 289: 2651

Long-term effects on cognitive function of postmenopausal hormone therapy prescribed to women aged 50 to 55 years.

JAMA Intern Med. 173: 1429Gleason C.E. Dowling N.M. Wharton W. et al.

Effects of hormone therapy on cognition and mood in recently postmenopausal women: findings from the randomized, controlled KEEPS–cognitive and affective study.

PLoS Med. 12: e1001833Henderson V.W. St.John J.A. Hodis H.N. et al.

Cognitive effects of estradiol after menopause: a randomized trial of the timing hypothesis.

Neurology. 87: 699-708Feldman H.A. Longcope C. Derby C.A. et al.

Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: longitudinal results from the massachusetts male aging study.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 87: 589-598Holland J. Bandelow S. Hogervorst E.

Testosterone levels and cognition in elderly men: a review.

Maturitas. 69: 322-337Jayadevappa R. Chhatre S. Malkowicz S.B. et al.

Association between androgen deprivation therapy use and diagnosis of dementia in men with prostate cancer.

JAMA Netw Open. 2: e196562Carmona S. Hardy J. Guerreiro R.

The genetic landscape of Alzheimer disease.

in: Geschwind D.H. Paulson H.L. Klein C. Handbook of clinical neurology. Elsevier, : 395-408

Apolipoprotein E: Structure and function in lipid metabolism, neurobiology, and Alzheimer's diseases.

Neurobiol Dis. 72: 3-12Liu C.-C. Kanekiyo T. Xu H. et al.

Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: risk, mechanisms and therapy.

Nat Rev Neurol. 9: 106-118Neu S.C. Pa J. Kukull W. et al.

Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Sex Risk Factors for Alzheimer Disease: a meta-analysis.

JAMA Neurol. 74: 1178Knopman D.S. DeKosky S.T. Cummings J.L. et al.

Practice parameter: Diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review): Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.

Neurology. 56: 1143-1153Barakos J. Purcell D. Suhy J. et al.

Detection and Management of Amyloid-Related Imaging Abnormalities in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease Treated with Anti-Amyloid Beta Therapy.

The Journal Of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. 9: 211-220Cummings J. Rabinovici G.D. Atri A. et al.

Aducanumab: appropriate use recommendations update.

The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. 9: 221-230Wightman D.P. Jansen I.E. Savage J.E. et al.

A genome-wide association study with 1,126,563 individuals identifies new risk loci for Alzheimer’s disease.

Nat Genet. 53: 1276-1282Baumgart M. Snyder H.M. Carrillo M.C. et al.

Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: a population-based perspective.

Alzheimer's Dementia. 11: 718-726Perry D.C. Sturm V.E. Peterson M.J. et al.

Association of traumatic brain injury with subsequent neurological and psychiatric disease: a meta-analysis.

J Neurosurg. 124: 511-526Hasselgren C. Ekbrand H. Halleröd B. et al.

Sex differences in dementia: on the potentially mediating effects of educational attainment and experiences of psychological distress.

BMC Psychiatr. 20: 434Kim S. Kim M.J. Kim S. et al.

Gender differences in risk factors for transition from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease: A CREDOS study.

Compr Psychiatr. 62: 114-122Goldstein J.M. Holsen L. Handa R. et al.

Fetal hormonal programming of sex differences in depression: linking women's mental health with sex differences in the brain across the lifespan.

Front Neurosci. 8: 247

Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey I: Lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence.

J Affect Disord. 29: 85-96Dal Forno G. Palermo M.T. Donohue J.E. et al.

Depressive symptoms, sex, and risk for Alzheimer's disease.

Ann Neurol. 57: 381-387Goveas J.S. Espeland M.A. Woods N.F. et al.

Depressive symptoms and incidence of mild cognitive impairment and probable dementia in elderly women: the women's health initiative memory study: depression and incident MCI and DEMENTIA.

J Am Geriatr Soc. 59: 57-66Invernizzi S. Simoes Loureiro I. Kandana K.G. Arachchige K.G. et al.

Late-Life Depression, Cognitive Impairment, and Relationship with Alzheimer’s Disease.

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 50: 414-424Ehrenberg A.J. Nguy A.K. Theofilas P. et al.

Quantifying the accretion of hyperphosphorylated tau in the locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe nucleus: the pathological building blocks of early Alzheimer's disease.

Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 43: 393-408Geda Y.E. Schneider L.S. Gitlin L.N. et al.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: past progress and anticipation of the future.

Alzheimer's Dementia. 9: 602-608Eikelboom W.S. Pan M. Ossenkoppele R. et al.

Sex differences in neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease dementia: a meta-analysis.

Alzheimer's Res Ther. 14: 48

International classification of sleep disorders-third edition.

Chest. 146: 1387-1394Bombois S. Derambure P. Pasquier F. et al.

Sleep disorders in aging and dementia.

J Nutr Health Aging. 14: 212-217Ju Y.-E.S. Lucey B.P. Holtzman D.M.

Sleep and Alzheimer disease pathology—a bidirectional relationship.

Nat Rev Neurol. 10: 115-119Yaffe K. Laffan A.M. Harrison S.L. et al.

Sleep-disordered breathing, hypoxia, and risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in older women.

JAMA. 306: 613-619Bixler E.O. Vgontzas A.N. Lin H.M. et al.

Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in women: effects of gender.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 163: 608-613Ju Y.-E.S. Ooms S.J. Sutphen C. et al.

Slow wave sleep disruption increases cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β levels.

Brain. 140: 2104-2111Ahlskog J.E. Geda Y.E. Graff-Radford N.R. et al.

Physical exercise as a preventive or disease-modifying treatment of dementia and brain aging.

Mayo Clin Proc. 86: 876-884Sofi F. Valecchi D. Bacci D. et al.

Physical activity and risk of cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of prospective studies: physical activity and risk of cognitive decline.

J Intern Med. 269: 107-117Erickson K.I. Raji C.A. Lopez O.L. et al.

Physical activity predicts gray matter volume in late adulthood: the cardiovascular health study.

Neurology. 75: 1415-1422Barha C.K. Davis J.C. Falck R.S. et al.

Sex differences in exercise efficacy to improve cognition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in older humans.

Front Neuroendocrinol. 46: 71-85Barha C.K. Hsiung G.-Y.R. Best J.R. et al.

Sex Difference in aerobic exercise efficacy to improve cognition in older adults with vascular cognitive impairment: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

J Alzheimers Dis. 60: 1397-1410Barha C.K. Best J.R. Rosano C. et al.

Sex-Specific Relationship Between Long-Term Maintenance of Physical Activity and Cognition in the Health ABC Study: Potential Role of Hippocampal and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Volume.

J Gerontol: Series A. 75: 764-770

Neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration: are there critical stages for nutritional intervention?.

Nutr Rev. 68: S6-S10Wald D.S. Kasturiratne A. Simmonds M.

Effect of folic acid, with or without other B Vitamins, on cognitive decline: meta-analysis of randomized trials.

Am J Med. 123: 522-527.e2Tangney C.C. Tang Y. Evans D.A. et al.

Biochemical indicators of vitamin B12 and folate insufficiency and cognitive decline.

Neurology. 72: 361-367D’Amico D. Parrott M.D. Greenwood C.E. et al.

Sex differences in the relationship between dietary pattern adherence and cognitive function among older adults: findings from the NuAge study.

Nutr J. 19: 58Niu H. Álvarez-Álvarez I. Guillén-Grima F. et al.

Prevalencia e incidencia de la enfermedad de Alzheimer en Europa: metaanálisis.

Neurologia. 32: 523-532Morris M.C. Tangney C.C. Wang Y. Tangney C.C. Wang Y. et al.

MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging.

Alzheimer's Dementia. 11: 1015-1022

MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's Dementia. 11: 1007-1014Scarmeas N. Stern Y. Mayeux R. et al.

Mediterranean diet and mild cognitive impairment.

Arch Neurol. 66: 216-225Guasch-Ferré M. Willett W.C.

The Mediterranean diet and health: a comprehensive overview.

J Intern Med. 290: 549-566Ballarini T. Melo van Lent D. Brunner J. et al.

Mediterranean diet, alzheimer disease biomarkers, and brain atrophy in old age.

Neurology. 96: e2920-e2932

Dietary patterns in alzheimers disease and cognitive aging.

Curr Alzheimer Res. 8: 510-519Bowman G.L. Silbert L.C. Howieson D. et al.

Nutrient biomarker patterns, cognitive function, and MRI measures of brain aging.

Neurology. 78: 241-249

The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence.

Lancet Neurol. 10: 819-828Ritchie K. Ritchie C.W. Yaffe K. et al.

Is late-onset Alzheimer's disease really a disease of midlife?.

Alzheimer's Dementia. 1: 122-130Mielke M.M. Rosenberg P.B. Tschanz J. et al.

Vascular factors predict rate of progression in Alzheimer disease.

Neurology. 69: 1850-1858Profenno L.A. Porsteinsson A.P. Faraone S.V.

Meta-analysis of alzheimer's disease risk with obesity, diabetes, and related disorders.

Biol Psychiatr. 67: 505-512Azad N.A. Al Bugami M. Loy-English I.

Gender differences in dementia risk factors.

Gend Med. 4: 120-129Bairey Merz C.N. Shaw L.J. Reis S.E. et al.

Insights From the NHLBI-Sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study.

J Am Coll Cardiol. 47: S21-S29

The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline.

JAMA. 292: 2237Gustafson D.R. Backman K. Waern M. et al.

Adiposity indicators and dementia over 32 years in Sweden.

Neurology. 73: 1559-1566Tolppanen A.-M. Solomon A. Soininen H. et al.

Midlife vascular risk factors and alzheimer's disease: evidence from epidemiological studies.

J Alzheimers Dis. 32: 531-540Peltz C.B. Corrada M.M. Berlau D.J. et al.

Cognitive impairment in nondemented oldest-old: Prevalence and relationship to cardiovascular risk factors.

Alzheimer's Dementia. 8: 87-94Alhurani R.E. Vassilaki M. Aakre J.A. et al.

Decline in weight and incident mild cognitive impairment: mayo clinic study of aging.

JAMA Neurol. 73: 439-446Mielke M.M. Zandi P.P. Shao H. et al.

The 32-year relationship between cholesterol and dementia from midlife to late life.

Neurology. 75: 1888-1895Mielke M.M. Zandi P.P. Sjogren M. et al.

High total cholesterol levels in late life associated with a reduced risk of dementia.

Neurology. 64: 1689-1695Huo N. Vemuri P. Graff-Radford J. et al.

Sex Differences in the association between midlife cardiovascular conditions or risk factors with midlife cognitive decline.

Neurology. 98: e623-e632

Multi-infarct dementia. A cause of mental deterioration in the elderly.

Lancet. 304: 207-209van Veluw S.J. Zwanenburg J.J. Rozemuller A.J. et al.

The spectrum of Mr detectable cortical microinfarcts: a classification study with 7-tesla postmortem MRI and histopathology.

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 35: 676-683Kjeldsen S.E. Narkiewicz K. Burnier M. et al.

Intensive blood pressure lowering prevents mild cognitive impairment and possible dementia and slows development of white matter lesions in brain: the SPRINT Memory and Cognition IN Decreased Hypertension (SPRINT MIND) study.

Blood Pres. 27: 247-248Gilsanz P. Mayeda E.R. Glymour M.M. et al.

Female sex, early-onset hypertension, and risk of dementia.

Neurology. 89: 1886-1893Kritz-Silverstein D. Laughlin G.A. McEvoy L.K. et al.

Sex and Age Differences in the Association of Blood Pressure and Hypertension with Cognitive Function in the Elderly: The Rancho Bernardo Study.

The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. 4: 1-9Williamson J.D. Launer L.J. Bryan R.N. et al.

Cognitive function and brain structure in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus after intensive lowering of blood pressure and lipid levels: a randomized clinical trial.

JAMA Intern Med. 174: 324Ngandu T. Lehtisalo J. Solomon A. et al.

A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial.

Lancet. 385: 2255-2263

Cholesterol level and statin use in Alzheimer disease: I. Review of epidemiological and preclinical studies.

Arch Neurol. 68: 1239Lee J.-W. Choi E.-A. Kim Y.-S. et al.

Statin exposure and the risk of dementia in individuals with hypercholesterolaemia.

J Intern Med. 288: 689-698Jonker C. Launer L.J. Hooijer C. et al.

Memory complaints and memory impairment in older individuals.

J Am Geriatr Soc. 44: 44-49Pérès K. Helmer C. Amieva H. et al.

Gender differences in the prodromal signs of dementia: memory complaint and IADL-restriction. A Prospective Population-Based Cohort.

J Alzheimers Dis. 27: 39-47Sundermann E.E. Edmonds E.C. Delano-Wood L. et al.

Sex influences the accuracy of subjective memory complaint reporting in older adults.

J Alzheimers Dis. 61: 1163-1178Engedal K. Gjøra L. Bredholt T. et al.

Sex differences on montreal cognitive assessment and mini-mental state examination scores and the value of self-report of memory problems among community dwelling people 70 years and above: the hunt study.

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 50: 74-84McKhann G.M. Knopman D.S. Chertkow H. et al.

The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's Dementia. 7: 263-269Bondi M.W. Edmonds E.C. Salmon D.P.

Alzheimer’s Disease: past, present, and future.

J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 23: 818-831Siedlecki K.L. Falzarano F. Salthouse T.A.

Examining gender differences in neurocognitive functioning across adulthood.

J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 25: 1051-1060Bayles K.A. Azuma T. Cruz R.F. et al.

Gender differences in language of alzheimer disease patients revisited.

Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 13: 138-146McPherson S. Back C. Buckwalter J.G. et al.

Gender-related cognitive deficits in alzheimer's disease.

Int Psychogeriatr. 11: 117-122Hebert L.E. Wilson R.S. Gilley D.W. et al.

Decline of language among women and men with alzheimer's disease.

J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 55: P354-P361Jack C.R. Bennett D.A. Blennow K. et al.

NIA-AA research framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's Dementia. 14: 535-562Black W. American Psychiatric Association and D

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5.

5th ed. American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VaTeunissen C.E. Verberk I.M.W. Thijssen E.H. et al.

Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: towards clinical implementation.

Lancet Neurol. 21: 66-77

The Alzheimer's Association appropriate use recommendations for blood biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's Dementia. : alz.12756Bridel C. van Wieringen W.N. Zetterberg H. et al.

Diagnostic Value of cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light protein in neurology: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

JAMA Neurol. 76: 1035Mielke M.M. Syrjanen J.A. Blennow K. et al.

Comparison of variables associated with cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament, total-tau, and neurogranin.

Alzheimer's Dementia. 15: 1437-1447Fatemi F. Kantarci K. Graff-Radford J. et al.

Sex differences in cerebrovascular pathologies on FLAIR in cognitively unimpaired elderly.

Neurology. 90: e466-e473Greenberg S.M. Charidimou A.

Diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: evolution of the boston criteria.

Stroke. 49: 491-497Graff-Radford J. Aakre J.A. Knopman D.S. et al.

Prevalence and heterogeneity of cerebrovascular disease imaging lesions.

Mayo Clin Proc. 95: 1195-1205Lin K.A. Choudhury K.R. Rathakrishnan B.G. et al.

Marked gender differences in progression of mild cognitive impairment over 8 years.

Alzheimer's Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions. 1: 103-110Aisen P.S. Cummings J. Schneider L.S.

Symptomatic and nonamyloid/tau based pharmacologic treatment for alzheimer disease.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2: a006395MacGowan S.H. Wilcock G.K. Scott M.

Effect of gender and apolipoprotein E genotype on response to anticholinesterase therapy in Alzheimer's disease.

Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 13: 625-630Doody R.S. Pavlik V. Massman P. et al.

Predicting progression of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's Res Ther. 2: 2

Proportion of women and reporting of outcomes by sex in clinical trials for alzheimer disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

JAMA Netw Open. 4