Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2020;16:391–460.
Hebert LE, Weuve J, Scherr PA, Evans DA. Alzheimer disease in the United States (2010–2050) estimated using the 2010 census. Neurology. 2013;80:1778–83.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Fifth edit. DSM 5. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CRJ, Kawas CH, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7:263–9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Planche V, Manjon J V, Mansencal B, Lanuza E, Tourdias T, Catheline G, et al. Structural progression of Alzheimer’s disease over decades: the MRI staging scheme. Brain Commun. 2022;4:fcac109.
Braak H, Braak E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol. 1991;82:239–59.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dauphinot V, Potashman M, Levitchi-Benea M, Su R, Rubino I, Krolak-Salmon P. Economic and caregiver impact of Alzheimer’s disease across the disease spectrum: a cohort study. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2022;14:34.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kunkle BW, Grenier-Boley B, Sims R, Bis JC, Damotte V, Naj AC, et al. Genetic meta-analysis of diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease identifies new risk loci and implicates Aβ, tau, immunity and lipid processing. Nat Genet. 2019;51:414–30.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Karran E, Mercken M, De Strooper B. The amyloid cascade hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease: an appraisal for the development of therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2011;10:698–712.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Selkoe DJ, Hardy J. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease at 25 years. EMBO Mol Med. 2016;8:595–608.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hardy JA, Higgins GA. Alzheimer’s disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Science. 1992;256:184–5.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bateman RJ, Aisen PS, De Strooper B, Fox NC, Lemere CA, Ringman JM, et al. Autosomal-dominant Alzheimer’s disease: a review and proposal for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2011;3:1.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Selkoe DJ. Alzheimer’s disease: genes, proteins, and therapy. Physiol Rev. 2001;81:741–66.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chen G-F, Xu T-H, Yan Y, Zhou Y-R, Jiang Y, Melcher K, et al. Amyloid beta: structure, biology and structure-based therapeutic development. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2017;38:1205–35.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Greenberg SM, Bacskai BJ, Hernandez-Guillamon M, Pruzin J, Sperling R, van Veluw SJ. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer disease - one peptide, two pathways. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020;16:30–42.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Brenowitz WD, Nelson PT, Besser LM, Heller KB, Kukull WA. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and its co-occurrence with Alzheimer’s disease and other cerebrovascular neuropathologic changes. Neurobiol Aging. 2015;36:2702–8.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Boyle PA, Yu L, Nag S, Leurgans S, Wilson RS, Bennett DA, et al. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cognitive outcomes in community-based older persons. Neurology. 2015;85:1930–6.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tarasoff-Conway JM, Carare RO, Osorio RS, Glodzik L, Butler T, Fieremans E, et al. Clearance systems in the brain-implications for Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11:457–70.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Long JM, Holtzman DM. Alzheimer disease: an update on pathobiology and treatment strategies. Cell. 2019;179:312–39. Excellent review on pathophysiology of AD and implications for treatment strategies.
Johnson KA, Schultz A, Betensky RA, Becker JA, Sepulcre J, Rentz D, et al. Tau positron emission tomographic imaging in aging and early Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol. 2016;79:110–9.
Giannakopoulos P, Herrmann FR, Bussière T, Bouras C, Kövari E, Perl DP, et al. Tangle and neuron numbers, but not amyloid load, predict cognitive status in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 2003;60:1495–500.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nelson PT, Alafuzoff I, Bigio EH, Bouras C, Braak H, Cairns NJ, et al. Correlation of Alzheimer disease neuropathologic changes with cognitive status: a review of the literature. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2012;71:362–81.
van der Kant R, Goldstein LSB, Ossenkoppele R. Amyloid-β-independent regulators of tau pathology in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2020;21:21–35.
Shi M, Chu F, Zhu F, Zhu J. Impact of anti-amyloid-β monoclonal antibodies on the pathology and clinical profile of Alzheimer’s disease: a focus on aducanumab and lecanemab. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:870517.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jin M, Shepardson N, Yang T, Chen G, Walsh D, Selkoe DJ. Soluble amyloid beta-protein dimers isolated from Alzheimer cortex directly induce Tau hyperphosphorylation and neuritic degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:5819–24.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lewis J, Dickson DW, Lin WL, Chisholm L, Corral A, Jones G, et al. Enhanced neurofibrillary degeneration in transgenic mice expressing mutant tau and APP. Science. 2001;293:1487–91.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Shcherbinin S, Evans CD, Lu M, Andersen SW, Pontecorvo MJ, Willis BA, et al. Association of amyloid reduction after donanemab treatment with tau pathology and clinical outcomes: the TRAILBLAZER-ALZ randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2022;79:1015–24.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel DE, Gaskell PC, Small GW, et al. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in late onset families. Science. 1993;261:921–3.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yamazaki Y, Zhao N, Caulfield TR, Liu C-C, Bu G. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: pathobiology and targeting strategies. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019;15:501–18.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jack CRJ, Knopman DS, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Weiner MW, Aisen PS, et al. Tracking pathophysiological processes in Alzheimer’s disease: an updated hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:207–16.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bateman RJ, Xiong C, Benzinger TLS, Fagan AM, Goate A, Fox NC, et al. Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:795–804.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
DeTure MA, Dickson DW. The neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2019;14:32.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Robinson JL, Richardson H, Xie SX, Suh E, Van Deerlin VM, Alfaro B, et al. The development and convergence of co-pathologies in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 2021;144:953–62.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Schneider JA, Arvanitakis Z, Bang W, Bennett DA. Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons. Neurology. 2007;69:2197–204.
Agrawal S, Schneider JA. Vascular pathology and pathogenesis of cognitive impairment and dementia in older adults. Cereb Circ Cogn Behav. 2022;3: 100148.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Brenowitz WD, Hubbard RA, Keene CD, Hawes SE, Longstreth WTJ, Woltjer RL, et al. Mixed neuropathologies and associations with domain-specific cognitive decline. Neurology. 2017;89:1773–81.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Reisberg B, Doody R, Stöffler A, Schmitt F, Ferris S, Möbius HJ. Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1333–41.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rogers SL, Farlow MR, Doody RS, Mohs R, Friedhoff LT. A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Donepezil Study Group Neurology United States. 1998;50:136–45.
Rogers SL, Doody RS, Pratt RD, Ieni JR. Long-
留言 (0)