Correlation between psychological well-being of people with chronic diseases in executive health checkup

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Year : 2023 | Volume : 50 | Issue : 1 | Page : 102-107

AB Kudachi1, Anil Pandharinath Hogade2, S Rajashree Koppad3, RS Mudhol4, Shivalingappa B Javali5
1 Department of Hospital Administration, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, KAHER, Belgavi, Karnataka, India
2 Department of Phramacology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, KAHER, Belgavi, Karnataka, India
3 Department of Public Health, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, KAHER, Belgavi, Karnataka, India
4 Vice Chancellor, BLDE University, Vijayapur, Karnataka, India
5 Department of Statistics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, KAHER, Belgavi, Karnataka, India

Date of Submission16-Jun-2022Date of Decision19-Aug-2022Date of Acceptance11-Sep-2022Date of Web Publication24-Mar-2023

Correspondence Address:
A B Kudachi
Department of Hospital Administration, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, KAHER, Belgavi, Karnataka
India

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None

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DOI: 10.4103/jss.jss_124_22

Objective: Preventive/regular health checkups have gained prominence over the past decade due to lifestyle-associated risks. The association of physical health checkups and mental health with “well-being,” remains unclear. Most of the time less attention is given to psychological health and its importance in physical health and disease. Patients with chronic illness may encounter irreversible changes in health status and may lead to mortality. This is closely related to psychological distress and approximately 6%–34% of the patients with chronic illness developed depression. The objective of the present study is to find the correlation between the psychological well-being and chronic disease of people attending the executive health checkup. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in tertiary care hospital at Belagavi. The study enrolled 768 individuals based on 52% prevalence of hypertension reporting for an executive health checkup and evaluated their demographic profile and adapted “The Scales of Psychological Well-Being” SPARQ tool of (18 items) questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the participants was 67.06 ± 32.94 years and a M: F ratio was 2:1. Multiple linear regression equation of psychological wellbeing of patients (Y) in terms of parameters of chronic diseases was found to be under psychological wellbeing (Y) =331.1862-0.1378 BMI-0.0368SBP-0.7161DBP-0.2030 FBS + 0.2727 PPBS-30.8144 HBA1C-0.0682 cholesterol. Conclusions: There is a significant and negative relationship between psychological well-being with parameters of chronic diseases.

Keywords: Chronic disease, correlation, mental health, psychological problems, psychological well-being

How to cite this article:
Kudachi A B, Hogade AP, Koppad S R, Mudhol R S, Javali SB. Correlation between psychological well-being of people with chronic diseases in executive health checkup. J Sci Soc 2023;50:102-7
How to cite this URL:
Kudachi A B, Hogade AP, Koppad S R, Mudhol R S, Javali SB. Correlation between psychological well-being of people with chronic diseases in executive health checkup. J Sci Soc [serial online] 2023 [cited 2023 Mar 25];50:102-7. Available from: https://www.jscisociety.com/text.asp?2023/50/1/102/372388 Introduction

Most of the time clinicians treat the patients for their illness/disease, overlooking their psychological health and its importance in well-being. It is known that mental health directly or indirectly influences the well-being condition, irrespective of the severity of the disease. Mental health is “a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community” World Health Organization.[1]

Patients with chronic illness might encounter permanent changes in health status and there is a possibility that it may lead to mortality. This is closely related to psychological stress, impacting the family and society. Approximately 6%–34% of the patients with chronic illnesses developed the symptoms of depression. Previous studies indicated that psychological stress may create crises to individuals, further affecting the family leading to increase in the health cost.[2]

Psychological well-being is a very complex personal phenomenon that comprises personal, cognitive, communicative, and other psychological and nonpsychological factors. It is described as a “feeling of life satisfaction, quality of life, personal self-fulfillment, and creation of objective and subjective values.”[3]

Power is a person's ability to influence their environment, other people, and their own outcomes. Autonomy is a person's ability to act according to their own decisions rather than according to others' decisions. Many studies of middle-class white people in the United States (US) show that people with greater power and autonomy feel happier, persevere longer, perform better on cognitive tasks and in the workplace, and live longer and healthier lives than do people with less power and autonomy.[4] The executive health package includes routine investigations that are extremely important for people with working busy schedules in a stressful environment.

To assess the psychological problems of patients is challenging for health professionals. Professionals should proactively provide emotional assessments to patients with chronic illnesses. Depending on the primary screening, they can be referred to professional counseling, psychological, or mental clinics for treatment. Therefore, the objective of this study is to understand the psychological well-being of patients with chronic diseases and to study the correlation of psychological well-being in people with chronic diseases attending the executive health checkup.

Materials and Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in tertiary care hospital at Belagavi. The sample size was calculated based on the article by Ramesh et al.[5] The present study was conducted among executive health checkup participants. The study enrolled 768 individuals aged >20 years. In an executive health checkup, they were evaluated for their demographic profile and psychological well-being. Ethical committee approval was obtained for the stuck. Participants provided with detailed information regarding the study procedures and written consent were obtained.

This questionnaire was used to collect basic information, including physiological indices body mass index (BMI) and biochemical tests (blood pressure [BP], blood lipid, and blood glucose). SPARQ tool of “The Scales of Psychological Well-Being” (18 items) questionnaire [Annexure] was used. The scale consists of six factors such as autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. It has been designed as self-report scales to assess individual's well-being. The participants were evaluated for their level of desolation using a scale rate 1 = strongly agree; 2 = somewhat agree; 3 = a little agree; 4 = neither agree nor disagree; 5 = a little disagree; 6 = somewhat disagree; and 7 = strongly disagree.

Research data were processed statistically; descriptive statistics and Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient test were performed. All calculations were performed in the SPSS.20 (Developer: Norman H Nie,Dale H.Bent , c Hadlaj Hull). (IBM Corporation New Orchard Road Armonk, NY 10504 Produced in the United States of America May 2021 IBM).

Results

The present study deals with 768 participants with a mean age of 67.06 ± 32.94 years and a M: F ratio of 2:1. Many of the participants were in the age group 40–49 years (31%) and the majority (70.00%) of them belongs to joint family. The level of psychological well-being and total psychological well-being score in the age group, diet, socioeconomic class, family type, and gender is shown in [Table 1].

Table 1: Comparison of demographic profile with psychological well-being and its components by F and t-test

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[Table 2] shows a significant and negative relationship between psychological well-being with parameters of chronic diseases, i.e. (BMI, r = 0.4168, P = 0.0001), (systolic BP, r = −0.1274, P = 0.0001), (diastolic BP, r = −0.1863, P = 0.0001), (fasting blood sugar [FBS], r = −0.5663, P = 0.0001), (postprandial blood sugar [PPBS], r = −0.5302, P = 0.0001), (glycated hemoglobin [HBA1C], r = −0.6362, P = 0.0001), and (cholesterol, r = −0.2560, P = 0.0001) at 5% level. It is evident that psychological well-being with parameters of chronic diseases is dependent on each other. Similar findings were obtained on the relationships between components of psychological well-being, i.e. autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance with parameters of chronic diseases except for diastolic BP with purpose in life (P > 0.05).

Table 2: Relationships between psychological well-being and its components with chronic diseases parameters by Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient

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The combined effects of all parameters of chronic diseases except systolic BP on psychological well-being of patients are found to be negative and statistically significant [Table 3].

Table 3: Multiple linear regression analysis of psychological well-being by chronic diseases parameters

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The multiple linear regression equation of psychological well-being of patients (Y) in terms of parameters of chronic diseases was found to be under: psychological well-being (Y) =331.1862-0.1378 BMI-0.0368SBP-0.7161DBP-0.2030 FBS + 0.2727 PPBS-30.8144 HBA1C-0.0682 cholesterol.

The multiple R of the linear regression equation was 0.7624. For testing R, the F-ratio (150.75) was found to be statistically significant. Significant R suggests that the estimation of psychological well-being of patients is possible based on the predictors, i.e. all parameters of chronic diseases. Further, the regression equation shows that parameters of chronic diseases can be used to prediction of psychological well-being of patients. Based on the coefficient of multiple determinations, nearly 58.13% of the variation in psychological well-being of patients. The relative contributions of all parameters of chronic diseases on psychological well-being of patients in terms of proportions of variance predicted by each were determined [Table 4].

Table 4: Relative contribution of chronic diseases parameters on psychological well-being

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As many as 54.31% of the variance in the criterion variable is accounted for variance, in which 53.1% in HBA1C, 29.69% in PPBS, 17.42% in FBS, and least, i.e. 0.45% in the variable systolic BP on psychological well-being of patients. The normal probability curve of residuals of psychological well-being scores of patients is also presented in the following [Figure 1] and the correlation between predicted versus observed psychological well-being scores is highly correlated, no significant difference between them, and presented in [Figure 2].

Figure 1: Normal probability curve of residuals of psychological well-being scores

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Figure 2: Correlation between predicted versus observed psychological well-being scores

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Discussion

In recent years, there is an increase in lifestyle-related chronic disorders. People are living with chronic diseases due to, better management of the same, with improvements in medical technology. However, these conditions can adversely affect their quality of life. The majority of chronic diseases hold the potential to worsen the overall health of patients by limiting their capacity to live well by psychologically and are a major contributor to health care costs.

Psychological well-being in chronic disease people is a complex personal phenomenon formed in the process of life activity and in the system of real relationships with others. Our study showed that the mean psychological well-being score was significantly higher in the 20–29 age group (69.52 ± 24.19) and in females (66.01 ± 21.73). The comparative study conducted in Haripur district also has showed that the mean Ryff psychological well-being measurement scale (RPWMS) score was significantly higher (197.41 ± 42.09) for children from the joint family system than from the single-family system (175.80 ± 40.53).[6]

Validation study for a self-report measure of well-being conducted in Tokyo city, Japan, in 2008, revealed some significant differences among variables such as high autonomy in males and high personal growth in workers.[7]

The study showed a significant and negative relationship between psychological well-being with parameters of chronic diseases. Psychological well-being with parameters of chronic diseases is dependent on each other. Similarly, similar findings have obtained the relationships between components of psychological well-being, i.e. autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance with parameters of chronic diseases, except diastolic BP with purpose in life.

Conclusions

The present study shows that there is a significant and negative relationship between psychological well-being with parameters of chronic diseases. HBA1C and PPBS contribute better toward a psychological well-being of patients than other parameters of chronic diseases. Chronic diseases are affecting the psychological well-being of people who are attending executive health checkups. This finding emphasizes the need for screening for psychological well-being of people with chronic disease and identifying people who need further intervention. Hence, efforts should be made to provide regular counseling by professional counselors at the hospital and support from family for the promotion of their overall health.

Limitation

In the present hospital-based study, therefore findings are not to be generalized to the community. The study focused on the correlation between pathological well-being and chronic diseases in executive health checkup unit and interventions were not mentioned.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

Annexure