Kastenbauer S, Pfister HW. Pneumococcal meningitis in adults: spectrum of complications and prognostic factors in a series of 87 cases. Brain. 2003;126(Pt 5):1015–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Connor TE, Perry CF, Lannigan FJ. Complications of otitis media in Indigenous and non-Indigenous children. Med J Aust. 2009;191(S9):S60–4.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bohte R, van Furth R, van den Broek PJ. Aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective study among adults requiring admission to hospital. Thorax. 1995;50(5):543–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garcia-Vidal C, et al. Early mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: causes and risk factors. Eur Respir J. 2008;32(3):733–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koivula I, Sten M, Makela PH. Risk factors for pneumonia in the elderly. Am J Med. 1994;96(4):313–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Metlay JP, et al. Influence of age on symptoms at presentation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(13):1453–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Black RE, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2010;375(9730):1969–87.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bogaert D, De Groot R, Hermans PW. Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4(3):144–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berger G. Nature of spontaneous tympanic membrane perforation in acute otitis media in children. J Laryngol Otol. 1989;103(12):1150–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berman S. Otitis media in developing countries. Pediatrics. 1995;96(1 Pt 1):126–31.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Casselbrant ML, et al. Otitis media with effusion in preschool children. Laryngoscope. 1985;95(4):428–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fria TJ, Cantekin EI, Eichler JA. Hearing acuity of children with otitis media with effusion. Arch Otolaryngol. 1985;111(1):10–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams CJ, Jacobs AM. The impact of otitis media on cognitive and educational outcomes. Med J Aust. 2009;191(S9):S69-72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Musher DM, et al. Bacteremic and nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. A prospective study Medicine (Baltimore). 2000;79(4):210–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jover F, et al. A comparative study of bacteremic and non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Eur J Intern Med. 2008;19(1):15–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klemets P, et al. Invasive pneumococcal infections among persons with and without underlying medical conditions: implications for prevention strategies. BMC Infect Dis. 2008;8:96.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ben-Shimol S, et al. Seasonality of Both Bacteremic and Nonbacteremic Pneumonia Coincides With Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Early Childhood, in Contrast to Nonpneumonia Invasive Pneumococcal Disease, in the Pre-Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Era. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(9):1384–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Mens SP, et al. Bacteraemic and non-bacteraemic/urinary antigen-positive pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia compared. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;34(1):115–22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

El Moussaoui R, et al. Long-term symptom recovery and health-related quality of life in patients with mild-to-moderate-severe community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2006;130(4):1165–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jay SJ, Johanson WG Jr, Pierce AK. The radiographic resolution of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1975;293(16):798–801.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Braun JS, et al. Pneumolysin causes neuronal cell death through mitochondrial damage. Infect Immun. 2007;75(9):4245–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Braun JS, et al. Pneumococcal pneumolysin and H(2)O(2) mediate brain cell apoptosis during meningitis. J Clin Invest. 2002;109(1):19–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Comis SD, et al. Cytotoxic effects on hair cells of guinea pig cochlea produced by pneumolysin, the thiol activated toxin of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Acta Otolaryngol. 1993;113(2):152–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feldman C, et al. The effects of pneumolysin and hydrogen peroxide, alone and in combination, on human ciliated epithelium in vitro. Respir Med. 2002;96(8):580–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feldman C, et al. The effect of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumolysin on human respiratory epithelium in vitro. Microb Pathog. 1990;9(4):275–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

García-Suárez MdM, et al. The role of pneumolysin in mediating lung damage in a lethal pneumococcal pneumonia murine model. Respir Res. 2007;8(1):3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hoegen T, et al. The NLRP3 Inflammasome Contributes to Brain Injury in Pneumococcal Meningitis and Is Activated through ATP-Dependent Lysosomal Cathepsin B Release. J Immunol. 2011;187(10):5440.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matthay MA, Zemans RL. The acute respiratory distress syndrome: pathogenesis and treatment. Annu Rev Pathol. 2011;6:147–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tuomanen EI, et al. Reduction of inflammation, tissue damage, and mortality in bacterial meningitis in rabbits treated with monoclonal antibodies against adhesion-promoting receptors of leukocytes. J Exp Med. 1989;170(3):959–69.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiang Y, et al. The critical role of myeloperoxidase in Streptococcus pneumoniae clearance and tissue damage during mouse acute otitis media. Innate Immun. 2017;23(3):296–306.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ebrahimi F, et al. Markers of neutrophil extracellular traps predict adverse outcome in community-acquired pneumonia: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Eur Respir J. 2018;51(4):1701389.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

José, R.J., et al., S100 Proteinase-activated receptor 1 signalling contributes to neutrophilic inflammation and alveolar barrier disruption in Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. 2014, BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.

Odaka J, et al. A case of post-pneumococcal acute glomerulonephritis with glomerular depositions of nephritis-associated plasmin receptor. CEN Case Reports. 2015;4(1):112–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ripley-Petzoldt ML, et al. The contribution of pneumococcal cell wall to the pathogenesis of experimental otitis media. J Infect Dis. 1988;157(2):245–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van der Sluijs KF, et al. IL-10 Is an Important Mediator of the Enhanced Susceptibility to Pneumococcal Pneumonia after Influenza Infection. J Immunol. 2004;172(12):7603.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yanagihara K, et al. Effects of specific neutrophil elastase inhibitor, sivelestat sodium hydrate, in murine model of severe pneumococcal pneumonia. Exp Lung Res. 2007;33(2):71–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ajayi OO, et al. Three decades of follow-up of adults after recovery from invasive pneumococcal pneumonia. Am J Med Sci. 2017;353(5):445–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wagenvoort GH, et al. Long-term mortality after IPD and bacteremic versus non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Vaccine. 2017;35(14):1749–57.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Austrian R. The syndrome of pneumococcal endocarditis, meningitis and rupture of the aortic valve. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 1956;68:40–7 discussion 48-50.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akram A, Kazi A, Haseeb A. The Deathly Hallows of the Austrian Triad. Cureus. 2020;12(1):e6568.

PubMed  PubMed Central