1. Castelli, L, Comi, C, Chiocchetti, A, et al. ICOS gene haplotypes correlate with IL10 secretion and multiple sclerosis evolution. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 186(1–2): 193–198.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Greenfield, AL, Hauser, SL. B-cell therapy for multiple sclerosis: Entering an era. Ann Neurol 2018; 83(1): 13–26.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline3. Tatomir, A, Talpos-Caia, A, Anselmo, F, et al. The complement system as a biomarker of disease activity and response to treatment in multiple sclerosis. Immunol Res 2017; 65(6): 1103–1109.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Hemmer, B, Nessler, S, Zhou, D, et al. Immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2006; 2: 201–211.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. Gastaldi, M, Zardini, E, Franciotta, D. An update on the use of cerebrospinal fluid analysis as a diagnostic tool in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17(1): 31–46.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Thompson, AJ, Banwell, BL, Barkhof, F, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17: 162–173.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI7. Petzold, A . Intrathecal oligoclonal IgG synthesis in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 262(1–2): 1–10.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Berek, K, Hegen, H, Auer, M, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands in neuroborreliosis are specific for Borrelia burgdorferi. PLoS ONE 2020; 15(9): e0239453.
Google Scholar | Medline9. Haertle, M, Kallweit, U, Weller, M, et al. The presence of oligoclonal IgG bands in human CSF during the course of neurological diseases. J Neurol 2014; 261(3): 554–560.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Mayringer, I, Timeltaler, B, Deisenhammer, F. Correlation between the IgG index, oligoclonal bands in CSF, and the diagnosis of demyelinating diseases. Eur J Neurol 2005; 12(7): 527–530.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Kaplan, B, Aizenbud, BM, Golderman, S, et al. Free light chain monomers in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimm 2010; 229: 263–271.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI12. Presslauer, S, Milosavljevic, D, Brücke, T, et al. Elevated levels of kappa free light chains in CSF support the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis [published correction appears in J Neurol. 2009; 256(12): 2115. Hübl, Walter [corrected to Hübl, Wolfgang]]. J Neurol 2008; 255(10): 1508–1514.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline13. Crespi, I, Sulas, MG, Mora, R, et al. Combined use of kappa free light chain index and isoelectrofocusing of cerebro-spinal fluid in diagnosing multiple sclerosis: Performances and costs. Clin Lab 2017; 63: 551–559.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Arneth, B, Birklein, F. High sensitivity of free lambda and free kappa light chains for detection of intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis in cerebrospinal fluid. Acta Neurol Scand 2009; 119(1): 39–44.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Fischer, C, Arneth, B, Koehler, J, et al. Kappa free light chains in cerebrospinal fluid as markers of intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis. Clin Chem 2004; 50: 1809–1813.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI16. Reiber, H, Peter, JB. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis: Disease-related data patterns and evaluation programs. J Neurol Sci 2001; 184: 101–122.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI17. Ferraro, D, Bedin, R, Natali, P, et al. Kappa index versus CSF oligoclonal bands in predicting multiple sclerosis and infectious/inflammatory CNS disorders. Diagnostics 2020; 10(10): 856.
Google Scholar | Crossref18. Crespi, I, Vecchio, D, Serino, R, et al. K index is a reliable marker of intrathecal synthesis, and an alternative to IgG index in multiple sclerosis diagnostic work-up. J Clin Med 2019; 8(4): 446.
Google Scholar | Crossref19. Leurs, CE, Twaalfhoven, H, Lissenberg-Witte, BI, et al. Kappa free light chains is a valid tool in the diagnostics of MS: A large multicenter study. Mult Scler 2020; 26(8): 912–923.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI20. Pieri, M, Storto, M, Pignalosa, S, et al. KFLC index utility in multiple sclerosis diagnosis: Further confirmation. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 309: 31–33.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. Teunissen, C, Menge, T, Altintas, A, et al. Consensus definitions and application guidelines for control groups in cerebrospinal fluid biomarker studies in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2013; 19(13): 1802–1809.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI22. Ferraro, D, Trovati, A, Bedin, R, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid kappa and lambda free light chains in oligoclonal band-negative patients with suspected multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2019; 27(3): 461–467.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. Jarius, S, Eichhorn, P, Wildemann, B, et al. Usefulness of antibody index assessment in cerebrospinal fluid from patients negative for total-IgG oligoclonal bands. Fluids Barriers CNS 2012; 9(1): 14.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Villar, LM, Espiño, M, Costa-Frossard, L, et al. High levels of cerebrospinal fluid free kappa chains predict conversion to multiple sclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413(23–24): 1813–1816.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Mariotto, S, Ferraro, D, Soldani, F, et al. Inter-center agreement in the interpretation of oligoclonal bands. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 59(3): e91–e94.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline26. Zeman, D, Hradilek, P, Kusnierova, P, et al. Oligoclonal free light chains in cerebrospinal fluid as markers of intrathecal inflammation. Comparison with oligoclonal IgG. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2015; 159(1): 104–113.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline27. Cavalla, P, Caropreso, P, Limoncelli, S, et al. Kappa free light chains index in the differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis from neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and other immune-mediated central nervous system disorders. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 339: 577122.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline28. Süße, M, Hannich, M, Petersmann, A, et al. Kappa free light chains in cerebrospinal fluid to identify patients with oligoclonal bands. Eur J Neurol 2018; 25(9): 1134–1139.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline29. Tjernberg, I, Johansson, M, Henningsson, AJ. Diagnostic performance of cerebrospinal fluid free light chains in Lyme neuroborreliosis—A pilot study. Clin Chem Lab Med 2019; 57(12): 2008–2018.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline30. Hegen, H, Milosavljevic, D, Schnabl, C, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid free light chains as diagnostic biomarker in neuroborreliosis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2018; 56(8): 1383–1391.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline31. Agnello, L, Lo Sasso, B, Salemi, G, et al. Clinical use of κ free light chains index as a screening test for multiple sclerosis. Lab Med 2020; 51(4): 402–407.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline32. Gaetani, L, Di Carlo, M, Brachelente, G, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid free light chains compared to oligoclonal bands as biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 339: 577108.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline33. Puthenparampil, M, Altinier, S, Stropparo, E, et al. Intrathecal K free light chain synthesis in multiple sclerosis at clinical onset associates with local IgG production and improves the diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid examination. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 25: 241–245.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline34. Tusseau, M, Cheli, E, Marignier, R, et al. Clinical significance of a single cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin band: A retrospective study. Mult Scler 2021; 27(9): 1451–1454.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals