Amer, T., Gozli, D. G., Pratt, J. (2018). Biasing spatial attention with semantic information: An event coding approach. Psychological Research, 82, 840–858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-017-0867-5
Google Scholar Amorim, M., Pinheiro, A. P. (2019). Is the sunny side up and the dark side down? Effects of stimulus type and valence on a spatial detection task. Cognition and Emotion, 33(2), 346–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1452718
Google Scholar Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, 59(4), 390–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005
Google Scholar Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 255–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
Google Scholar Barsalou, L. W. (1999). Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22(4), 577–609; discussion 610–660. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X99252144
Google Scholar Barsalou, L. W. (2003). Abstraction in perceptual symbol systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 358(1435), 1177–1187. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1319
Google Scholar Barsalou, L. W. (2008). Grounded cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 617–645. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639
Google Scholar Bates, D. M., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
Google Scholar Bergen, B. K. (2016). Embodiment, simulation and meaning. In Riemer, N. (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of semantics (pp. 142–156). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315685533.ch8
Google Scholar Bergen, B. K., Lindsay, S., Matlock, T., Narayanan, S. (2007). Spatial and linguistic aspects of visual imagery in sentence comprehension. Cognitive Science, 31(5), 733–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701530748
Google Scholar Berndt, E., Dudschig, C., Miller, J., Kaup, B. (2019). A replication attempt of hemispheric differences in semantic-relatedness judgments (Zwaan & Yaxley, 2003). Acta Psychologica, 198, Article 102871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102871
Google Scholar Brysbaert, M., Warriner, A. B., Kuperman, V. (2014). Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas. Behavior Research Methods, 46(3), 904–911. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0403-5
Google Scholar Chasteen, A. L., Burdzy, D. C., Pratt, J. (2010). Thinking of God moves attention. Neuropsychologia, 48(2), 627–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.029
Google Scholar Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic structures. Mouton de Gruyter.
Google Scholar | Crossref Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 284–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.284
Google Scholar Clark, H. H. (1973). The language-as-fixed-effect fallacy: A critique of language statistics in psychological research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12(4), 335–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(73)80014-3
Google Scholar Clark, J. M., Paivio, A. (2004). Extensions of the Paivio, Yuille, and Madigan (1968) norms. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36(3), 371–383. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195584
Google Scholar Conway, A. R., Engle, R. W. (1996). Individual differences in working memory capacity: More evidence for a general capacity theory. Memory, 4(6), 577–590. https://doi.org/10.1080/741940997
Google Scholar Corballis, M. C. (2003). From mouth to hand: Gesture, speech, and the evolution of right-handedness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26(2), 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X03000062
Google Scholar Corsi, P. (1972). Human memory and the medial temporal lobe region of the brain [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, McGill University].
Google Scholar Dove, G. (2016). Three symbol ungrounding problems: Abstract concepts and the future of embodied cognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23(4), 1109–1121. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0825-4
Google Scholar Dudschig, C., Souman, J., Lachmair, M., de la Vega, I., Kaup, B. (2013). Reading “sun” and looking up: The influence of language on saccadic eye movements in the vertical dimension. PLOS ONE, 8(2), Article e56872. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056872
Google Scholar Estes, Z., Barsalou, L. W. (2018). A comprehensive meta-analysis of spatial interference from linguistic cues: Beyond Petrova et al. (2018). Psychological Science, 29(9), 1558–1564. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618794131
Google Scholar Estes, Z., Verges, M., Adelman, J. S. (2015). Words, objects, and locations: Perceptual matching explains spatial interference and facilitation. Journal of Memory and Language, 84, 167–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2015.06.002
Google Scholar Estes, Z., Verges, M., Barsalou, L. W. (2008). Head up, foot down: Object words orient attention to the objects’ typical location. Psychological Science, 19(2), 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02051.x
Google Scholar Fodor, J. A. (1975). The language of thought. Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar Franklin, N., Tversky, B. (1990). Searching imagined environments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119(1), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.119.1.63
Google Scholar Giessner, S. R., Schubert, T. W. (2007). High in the hierarchy: How vertical location and judgments of leaders’ power are interrelated. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 104(1), 30–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.10.001
Google Scholar Gozli, D. G., Chasteen, A. L., Pratt, J. (2013). The cost and benefit of implicit spatial cues for visual attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(4), 1028–1046. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030362
Google Scholar Gozli, D. G., Pratt, J., Martin, K. Z., Chasteen, A. L. (2016). Implied spatial meaning and visuospatial bias: Conceptual processing influences processing of visual targets and distractors. PLOS ONE, 11(3), Article e0150928. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150928
Google Scholar Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis. (7th ed.). Pearson.
Google Scholar Hallgren, K. A. (2012). Computing Inter-rater reliability for observational data: An overview and tutorial. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 8(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.08.1.p023
Google Scholar Hutchinson, S., Wei, L., Louwerse, M. M. (2013). Avoiding the language-as-a-fixed-effect fallacy: How to estimate outcomes of linear mixed models. In Bello, P., Guarini, M., McShane, M., Scassellati, B. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2393–2398). Cognitive Science Society.
Google Scholar Johansson, R., Johansson, M. (2014). Look here, eye movements play a functional role in memory retrieval. Psychological Science, 25(1), 236–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613498260
Google Scholar Johns, M. W. (1991). A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: The Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep, 14(6), 540–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2007.08.004
Google Scholar Kessels, R. P. C., Zandvoort, M. J. E., Van Postma, A., Kappelle, L. J., De Haan, E. H. F. (2000). The Corsi block-tapping task: Standardization and normative data. Applied Neuropsychology, 7(4), 252–258. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324826AN0704_8
Google Scholar Kumcu, A., Thompson, R. L. (2016). Spatial interference and individual differences in looking at nothing for verbal memory. In Papafragou, A., Grodner, D., Mirman, D., Trueswell, J. C. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2387–2392). Cognitive Science Society.
Google Scholar Kumcu, A., Thompson, R. L. (2020). Less imageable words lead to more looks to blank locations during memory retrieval. Psychological Research, 84, 667–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-1084-6
Google Scholar Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P., Christensen, R. (2016). lmerTest: Tests in linear mixed effects models (R package version 3.0.0). https://cran.r-project.org/package=lmerTest
Google Scholar Lakoff, G., Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press.
Google Scholar Leitan, N. D., Williams, B., Murray, G. (2015). Look up for healing: Embodiment of the heal concept in looking upward. PLOS ONE, 10(7), Article e0132427. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132427
Google Scholar Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar Li, P., Zhang, F., Tsai, E., Puls, B. (2013). Language history questionnaire (LHQ 2.0): A new dynamic web-based research tool. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(3), 673–680. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728913000606
Google Scholar Louwerse, M. M. (2008). Embodied relations are encoded in language. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(4), 838–844. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.15.4.838
Google Scholar Marmolejo-Ramos, F., Elosúa, M. R., Yamada, Y., Hamm, N. F., Noguchi, K. (2013). Appraisal of space words and allocation of emotion words in bodily space. PLOS ONE, 8(12), Article e81688. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081688
Google Scholar Mathôt, S., Schreij, D., Theeuwes, J. (2012). OpenSesame: An open-source, graphical experiment builder for the social sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 44(2), 314–324. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0168-7
Google Scholar Meyer, B. P., Robinson, M. D. (2004). Why the sunny side is up: Associations between affect and vertical position. Psychological Science, 15(4), 243–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00659.x
Google Scholar Montoro, P. R., Contreras, M. J., Elosúa, M. R., Marmolejo-Ramos, F. (2015). Cross-modal metaphorical mapping of spoken emotion words onto vertical space. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article 1205. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01205
Google Scholar Morey, R. D., Rouder, J. N. (2015). BayesFactor: Computation of Bayes factors for common designs (R package version 0.9.10-1). http://cran.r-project.org/package=BayesFactor
Google Scholar Mueller, S. T., Piper, B. J. (2014). The Psychology Experiment Building Language (PEBL) and PEBL Test Battery. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 222, 250–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.10.024
Google Scholar Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4
Google Scholar Ostarek, M., Vigliocco, G. (2017). Reading sky and seeing a cloud: On the relevance of events for perceptual simulation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 43(4), 579–590. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000318
Google Scholar Paivio, A. (1986). Mental representation: A dual coding approach. Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar Paivio, A., Yuille, J. C., Madigan, S. A. (1968). Concreteness, imagery, and meaningfulness values for 925 nouns. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76(1, Pt. 2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025327
Google Scholar Pulvermüller, F. (1999). Words in the brain’s language. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22(2), 253–279; discussion 280–336. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X9900182X
Google Scholar Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1986). Meaning and cognitive structure: Issues in the computational theory of mind. Ablex.
Google Scholar Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1989). The role of location indexes in spatial perception: A sketch of the FINST spatial-index model. Cognition, 32(1), 65–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(89)90014-0
Google Scholar Quadflieg, S., Etzel, J. A., Gazzola, V., Keysers, C., Schubert, T. W., Waiter, G. D., Macrae, C. N. (2011). Puddles, parties, and professors: Linking word categorization to neural patterns of visuospatial coding. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(10), 2636–2649. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2011.21628
Google Scholar R Core Team . (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/
Google Scholar Richardson, D. C., Spivey, M. J. (2000). Representation, space and Hollywood Squares: Looking at things that aren’t there anymore. Cognition, 76(3), 269–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00084-6
Google Scholar Richardson, D. C., Spivey, M. J., Barsalou, L. W., McRae, K. (2003). Spatial representations activated during real-time comprehension of verbs. Cognitive Science, 27(5), 767–780. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0364-0213(03)00064-8
Google Scholar Scholz, A., Mehlhorn, K., Krems, J. F. (2016). Listen up, eye movements play a role in verbal memory retrieval. Psychological Research, 80(1), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-014-0639-4
Google Scholar Schubert, T. W. (2005). Your highness: Vertical positions as perceptual symbols of power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.1.1
Google Scholar Šetić, M., Domijan, D. (2007). The influence of vertical spatial orientation on property verification. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22(2), 297–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960600732430
Google Scholar Spivey, M. J., Richardson, D. C., Fitneva, S. A. (2004). Thinking outside the brain: Spatial indices to visual and linguistic Information. In Henderson, J., Ferreira, F. (Eds.), Interfacing language, vision, and action: Eye movements and the visual world (pp. 161–190). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203488430
Google Scholar Stanfield, R. A., Zwaan, R. A. (2001). The effect of implied orientation derived from verbal context on picture recognition. Psychological Science, 12(2), 153–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00326
Google Scholar Taylor, J. E. T., Lam, T. K., Chasteen, A. L., Pratt, J. (2015). Bow your head in shame, or, hold your head up with pride: Semantic processing of self-esteem concepts orients attention vertically. PLOS ONE, 10(9), Article e0137704. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137704
Google Scholar van Ede, F., de Lange, F. P., Maris, E. (2012). Attentional cues affect accuracy and reaction time via different cognitive and neural processes. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(30), 10408–10412. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1337-12.2012
Google Scholar Verges, M., Duffy, S. (2009). Spatial representations elicit dual-coding effects in mental imagery. Cognitive Science, 33(6), 1157–1172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01038.x
Google Scholar Winter, B. (2013). Linear models and linear mixed effects models in R with linguistic applications. http://arxiv.org/abs/1308.5499
Google Scholar Wynn, J. S., Shen, K., Ryan, J. D. (2019). Eye movements actively reinstate spatiotemporal mnemonic content. Vision, 3(2), Article 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision3020021
Google Scholar Zanolie, K., Dantzig, S., van Boot, I., Wijnen, J., Schubert, T. W., Giessner, S. R., Pecher, D. (2012). Mighty metaphors: Behavioral and ERP evidence that power shifts attention on a vertical dimension. Brain and Cognition, 78(1), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2011.10.006
Google Scholar Zwaan, R. A., Madden, C. J. (2005). Embodied sentence comprehension. In Pecher, D., Zwaan, R. A. (Eds.), Grounding cognition: The role of perception and action in memory, language, and thinking (pp. 224–245). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511499968.010