1. Putaala, J, Yesilot, N, Waje-Andreassen, U, et al. Demographic and geographic vascular risk factor differences in European young adults with ischemic stroke: the 15 cities young stroke study. Stroke 2012; 43: 2624–2630.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI2. Putaala, J . Ischemic stroke in the young: Current perspectives on incidence, risk factors, and cardiovascular prognosis. Eur Stroke J 2016; 1: 28–40.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI3. Schneider, S, Vibo, R, Taba, N, et al. Mortality in young adult patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Acta Neurol Scand 2020; 141: 242–249.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Joseph, A, Ackerman, D, Talley, JD, et al. Manifestations of coronary atherosclerosis in young trauma victims--an autopsy study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 459–467.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. Thiripurasundari, R, Sreekumari, K, Aravindan, KP. Autopsy-based morphometric study of coronary atherosclerosis in young adults. Indian J Med Res 2019; 150: 592–597.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Yesilot Barlas, N, Putaala, J, Waje-Andreassen, U, et al. Etiology of first-ever ischaemic stroke in European young adults: the 15 cities young stroke study. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20: 1431–1439.
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI7. Waje-Andreassen, U, Thomassen, L, Jusufovic, M, et al. Ischaemic stroke at a young age is a serious event--final results of a population-based long-term follow-up in Western Norway. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20: 818–823.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI8. Rutten-Jacobs, LC, Arntz, RM, Maaijwee, NA, et al. Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of long-term excess mortality after ischemic stroke in young adults. Hypertension 2015; 65: 670–675.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI9. Putaala, J, Martinez-Majander, N, Saeed, S, et al. Searching for Explanations for Cryptogenic Stroke in the Young: Revealing the Triggers, Causes, and Outcome (SECRETO): Rationale and design. Eur Stroke J 2017; 2: 116–125.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI10. Lee, J, Kil, J, Kim, DW, et al. Usefulness of plaque magnetic resonance imaging in identifying high-risk carotid plaques irrespective of the degree of stenosis. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg 2017; 19: 291–300.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Zhou, J, Chew, M, Ravn, HB, et al. Plaque pathology and coronary thrombosis in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1999; 230: 3–11.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Adams, HP, Bendixen, BH, Kappelle, LJ, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke 1993; 24: 35–41.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI13. Fromm, A, Thomassen, L, Naess, H, et al. The Norwegian Stroke in the Young Study (NOR-SYS): Rationale and design. BMC Neurol 2013; 13: 89.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Nawaz, B, Eide, GE, Fromm, A, et al. Young ischaemic stroke incidence and demographic characteristics - The Norwegian stroke in the young study - A three-generation research program. Eur Stroke J 2019; 4: 347–354.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI15. Simova, I . Intima-media thickness: appropriate evaluation and proper measurement, described. E-journal ESC Counc Cardiol Pract 2015; 13(21).
Google Scholar16. Touboul, PJ, Hennerici, MG, Meairs, S, et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness and plaque consensus (2004-2006-2011). An update on behalf of the advisory board of the 3rd, 4th and 5th watching the risk symposia, at the 13th, 15th and 20th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, Brussels, Belgium, 2006, and Hamburg, Germany, 2011. Cerebrovasc Dis 2012; 34: 290–296.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI17. Toth, PP . Subclinical atherosclerosis: what it is, what it means and what we can do about it. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62: 1246–1254.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Laclaustra, M, Casasnovas, JA, Fernández-Ortiz, A, et al. Femoral and carotid subclinical atherosclerosis association with risk factors and coronary calcium: the AWHS Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67: 1263–1274.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI19. Arnold, AP, Cassis, LA, Eghbali, M, et al. Sex hormones and sex chromosomes cause sex differences in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37: 746–756.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Patel, SN, Rajaram, V, Pandya, S, et al. Emerging, noninvasive surrogate markers of atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2004; 6: 60–68.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. Kirhmajer, MV, Banfic, L, Vojkovic, M, et al. Correlation of femoral intima-media thickness and the severity of coronary artery disease. Angiology 2011; 62: 134–139.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI22. Bedi, R, Nagra, A, Fukumoto, T, et al. Detection of subclinical atherosclerosis in peripheral arterial beds with B-mode ultrasound: a proposal for guiding the decision for medical intervention and an artifact-corrected volumetric scoring index. Glob Heart 2014; 9: 367–378.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. de Groot, E, Hovingh, GK, Wiegman, A, et al. Measurement of arterial wall thickness as a surrogate marker for atherosclerosis. Circulation 2004; 109: III33–III38.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI24. Kocyigit, D, Gurses, KM, Taydas, O, et al. Role of femoral artery ultrasound imaging in cardiovascular event risk prediction in a primary prevention cohort at a medium-term follow-up. J Cardiol 2019; 75(5): 537–543.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Giannoukas, AD, Antoniou, GA, Saleptsis, V, et al. Common femoral artery intima-media thickness as marker for cardiovascular disease in asymptomatic adults. Vasa 2009; 38: 147–154.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI26. Lorenz, MW, Markus, HS, Bots, ML, et al. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation 2007; 115: 459–467.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI27. Nambi, V, Chambless, L, Folsom, AR, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness and presence or absence of plaque improves prediction of coronary heart disease risk: the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 1600–1607.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI28. De Bacquer, D, De Backer, G, Kornitzer, M, et al. Prognostic value of ECG findings for total, cardiovascular disease, and coronary heart disease death in men and women. Heart 1998; 80: 570–577.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI29. Deedwania, PC, Carbajal, EV. Silent ischemia during daily life is an independent predictor of mortality in stable angina. Circulation 1990; 81: 748–756.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline30. Li, W, Luo, S, Luo, J, et al. Association between abdominal aortic plaque and coronary artery disease. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11: 683–688.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline31. Van der Meer, IM, Bots, ML, Hofman, A, et al. Predictive value of noninvasive measures of atherosclerosis for incident myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation 2004; 109: 1089–1094.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI32. Rolfs, A, Fazekas, F, Grittner, U, et al. Acute cerebrovascular disease in the young: the Stroke in Young Fabry Patients study. Stroke 2013; 44: 340–349.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI33. Johnsen, SH, Mathiesen, EB. Carotid plaque compared with intima-media thickness as a predictor of coronary and cerebrovascular disease. Curr Cardiol Rep 2009; 11: 21–27.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline34. Rashid, S, Hughes, SJBJC. Risk factors for femoral arterial complications and management. Br J Cardiol 2016; 23: 155–158.
Google Scholar35. Higgins, M . Epidemiology and prevention of coronary heart disease in families. Am J Med 2000; 108: 387–395.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI36. Leng, X, Liebeskind, DS. Intracranial atherosclerosis. In: Saba, L,, Raz, E (eds) Neurovascular Imaging: From Basics to Advanced Concepts. New York, NY: Springer; 2014, 1–30.
Google Scholar | Crossref