Ando, M., Kamide, N. (2015). Japanese elderly persons walk faster than non-Asian elderly persons: A meta-regression analysis. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 27(11), 3481–3485. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.3481.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Antonucci, T. C., Akiyama, H. (1987). An examination of sex differences in social support among older men and women. Sex Roles, 17(11–12), 737–749. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00287685.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI Barnett, D. W., Barnett, A., Barnett, A., Nathan, A., Van Cauwenberg, J., Cerin, E. (2017). Built environmental correlates of older adults’ total physical activity and walking: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0558-z.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Besser, L. M., McDonald, N. C., Song, Y., Kukull, W. A., Rodriguez, D. A. (2017). Neighborhood environment and cognition in older adults: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(2), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.02.013.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Cabinet Office, Government of Japan (2021). White paper on aged society 2021. https://www8.cao.go.jp/kourei/whitepaper/w-2021/zenbun/pdf/1s1s_01.pdf.
Google Scholar Cadore, E. L., Rodríguez-Mañas, L., Sinclair, A., Izquierdo, M. (2013). Effects of different exercise interventions on risk of falls, gait ability, and balance in physically frail older adults: A systematic review. Rejuvenation Research, 16(2), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2012.1397.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Chase, J.-A. D., Phillips, L. J., Brown, M. (2017). Physical activity intervention effects on physical function among community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 25(1), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2016-0040.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Csapo, R., Alegre, L. M. (2016). Effects of resistance training with moderate vs heavy loads on muscle mass and strength in the elderly: A meta-analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 26(9), 995–1006. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12536.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Etman, A., Kamphuis, C. B. M., Pierik, F. H., Burdorf, A., Van Lenthe, F. J. (2016). Residential area characteristics and disabilities among Dutch community-dwelling older adults. International Journal of Health Geographics, 15(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-016-0070-8.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Freedman, V. A., Grafova, I. B., Schoeni, R. F., Rogowski, J. (2008). Neighborhoods and disability in later life. Social Science & Medicine, 66(11), 2253–2267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.013.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Gebel, K., Bauman, A. E., Sugiyama, T., Owen, N. (2011). Mismatch between perceived and objectively assessed neighborhood walkability attributes: Prospective relationships with walking and weight gain. Health & Place, 17(2), 519–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.12.008.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Hoyl, M. T., Alessi, C. A., Harker, J. O., Josephson, K. R., Pietruszka, F. M., Koelfgen, M., Mervis, J. R., Fitten, L. J., Rubenstein, L. Z. (1999). Development and testing of a five-item version of the geriatric depression scale. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47(7), 873–878. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1999.tb03848.x.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Inoue, S., Murase, N., Shimomitsu, T., Ohya, Y., Odagiri, Y., Takamiya, T., Ishii, K., Katsumura, T., Sallis, J. F. (2009). Association of physical activity and neighborhood environment among Japanese adults. Preventive Medicine, 48(4), 321–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.01.014.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Inoue, S., Ohya, Y., Odagiri, Y., Takamiya, T., Kamada, M., Okada, S., Oka, K., Kitabatake, Y., Nakaya, T., Sallis, J. F., Shimomitsu, T. (2011). Perceived neighborhood environment and walking for specific purposes among elderly Japanese. Journal of Epidemiology, 21(6), 481–490. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.je20110044.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Ishizaki, T., Furuna, T., Yoshida, Y., Iwasa, H., Shimada, H., Yoshida, H., Kumagai, S., Suzuki, T., TMIG-LISA Research Group (2011). Declines in physical performance by sex and age among nondisabled community-dwelling older Japanese during a 6-year period. Journal of Epidemiology, 21(3), 176–183. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.je20100138.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Iwasa, H., Gondo, Y., Yoshida, Y., Kwon, J., Inagaki, H., Kawaai, C., Masui, Y., Kim, H., Yoshida, H., Suzuki, T. (2008). Cognitive performance as a predictor of functional decline among the non-disabled elderly dwelling in a Japanese community: A 4-year population-based prospective cohort study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 47(1), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2007.07.008.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Koohsari, M. J., McCormack, G. R., Nakaya, T., Shibata, A., Ishii, K., Yasunaga, A., Liao, Y., Oka, K. (2020). Walking-friendly built environments and objectively measured physical function in older adults. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(6), 651–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.002.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Koyano, W, Hashimoto, M, Fukawa, T, Shibata, H, Gunji, A (1993). [Functional capacity of the elderly: measurement by the TMIG index of competence]. [Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi] Japanese Journal of Public Health, 40(6), 468–474. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8347862.
Google Scholar | Medline Koyano, W., Shibata, H., Nakazato, K., Haga, H., Suyama, Y. (1991). Measurement of competence: Reliability and validity of the TMIG Index of Competence. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 13(2), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4943(91)90053-s.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Kuo, H.-K., Jones, R. N., Milberg, W. P., Tennstedt, S., Talbot, L., Morris, J. N., Lipsitz, L. A. (2005). Effect of blood pressure and diabetes mellitus on cognitive and physical functions in older adults: A longitudinal analysis of the advanced cognitive training for independent and vital elderly cohort. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(7), 1154–1161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53368.x.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Malambo, P., Kengne, A. P., De Villiers, A., Lambert, E. V., Puoane, T. (2016). Built environment, selected risk factors and major cardiovascular disease outcomes: A systematic review. PLOS One, 11(11), e0166846. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166846.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Nakamoto, M., Otsuka, R., Yuki, A., Nishita, Y., Tange, C., Tomida, M., Kato, Y., Ando, F., Shimokata, H., Suzuki, T. (2015). Higher gait speed and smaller sway area decrease the risk for decline in higher-level functional capacity among middle-aged and elderly women. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 61(3), 429–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2015.08.001.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Nieto, M. L., Albert, S. M., Morrow, L. A., Saxton, J. (2008). Cognitive status and physical function in older African Americans. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56(11), 2014–2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01938.x.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Podsiadlo, D., Richardson, S. (1991). The timed “up & go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39(2), 142–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. https://www.R-project.org/.
Google Scholar Rachele, J. N., Sugiyama, T., Davies, S., Loh, V. H. Y., Turrell, G., Carver, A., Cerin, E. (2019). Neighbourhood built environment and physical function among mid-to-older aged adults: A systematic review. Health & Place, 58, 102137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.05.015.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Saito, M, Kondo, K, Ojima, T, Hirai, H, JAGES group (2015). [Criteria for social isolation based on associations with health indicators among older people. A 10-year follow-up of the aichi gerontological evaluation study]. [Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi] Japanese Journal of Public Health, 62(3), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.11236/jph.62.3_95.
Google Scholar | Medline Sakurai, R., Kawai, H., Suzuki, H., Kim, H., Watanabe, Y., Hirano, H., Ihara, K., Obuchi, S., Fujiwara, Y. (2019). Poor social network, not living alone, is associated with incidence of adverse health outcomes in older adults. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 20(11), 1438–1443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.02.021.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Sherrington, C., Whitney, J. C., Lord, S. R., Herbert, R. D., Cumming, R. G., Close, J. C. T. (2008). Effective exercise for the prevention of falls: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56(12), 2234–2243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02014.x.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Shumway-Cook, A., Brauer, S., Woollacott, M. (2000). Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the timed up & go test. Physical Therapy, 80(9), 896–903. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10960937.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Soma, Y., Tsunoda, K., Kitano, N., Jindo, T., Tsuji, T., Saghazadeh, M., Okura, T. (2017). Relationship between built environment attributes and physical function in Japanese community-dwelling older adults. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 17(3), 382–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12717.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Sugiura, Y., Tanimoto, Y., Watanabe, M., Tsuda, Y., Kimura, M., Kusabiraki, T., Kono, K. (2013). Handgrip strength as a predictor of higher-level competence decline among community-dwelling Japanese elderly in an urban area during a 4-year follow-up. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 57(3), 319–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2013.06.006.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Suzuki, Y., Kamide, N., Kitai, Y., Ando, M., Sato, H., Yoshitaka, S., Sakamoto, M. (2019). Absolute reliability of measurements of muscle strength and physical performance measures in older people with high functional capacities. European Geriatric Medicine, 10(5), 733–740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-019-00218-9.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Therneau, T., Atkinson, B. (2019). Rpart: Recursive partitioning and regression trees. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rpart.
Google Scholar Tombaugh, T. (2004). Trail making test A and B: Normative data stratified by age and education. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19(2), 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6177(03)00039-8.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Tomioka, K., Kurumatani, N., Hosoi, H. (2015). Social participation and the prevention of decline in effectance among community-dwelling elderly: A population-based cohort study. PLOS ONE, 10(9), e0139065. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139065.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Tomioka, K., Kurumatani, N., Hosoi, H. (2017). Association between the frequency and autonomy of social participation and self-rated health. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 17(12), 2537–2544. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13074.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Won, J., Lee, C., Forjuoh, S. N., Ory, M. G. (2016). Neighborhood safety factors associated with older adults’ health-related outcomes: A systematic literature review. Social Science & Medicine, 165, 177-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.07.024.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline