Ashford, M. L. J., Boden, P. R., Treherne, J. M. (1990). Glucose-induced excitation of hypothalamic neurons is mediated by ATP-sensitive K + channels. Pflügers Arch, 415, 479–483. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00373626.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Bélanger, M., Allaman, I., Magistretti, P. J. (2011). Brain energy metabolism: Focus on astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation. Cell Metabol, 14, 724–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2011.08.016.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Briski, K. P., Ibrahim, M. M. H., Mahmood, A. S. M. H., Alshamrani, A. A. (2021). Norepinephrine regulation of ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus astrocyte glycogen metabolism. Int J Mol Sci, 22(2), E759. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020759.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Briski, K. P., Mandal, S. K., Bheemanapally, K., Ibrahim, M. M. H. (2020). Effects of acute versus recurrent insulin-induced hypoglycemia on ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus metabolic-sensory neuron AMPK activity: Impact of alpha1-adrenergic receptor signaling. Brain Res Bull, 157, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.01.013.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Briski, K. P., Marshall, E. S., Sylvester, P. W. (2001). Effects of estradiol on glucoprivic transactivation of catecholaminergic neurons in the female rat caudal brainstem. Neuroendocrinology, 73, 369–377. https://doi.org/10.1159/000054655.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Bröer, S., Rahman, B., Pellegri, G., Pellerin, L., Martin, J. L., Verleysdonk, S., Hamprecht, B., Magistretti, P. J. (1997). Comparison of lactate transport in astroglial cells and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT 1) expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes. Expression of two different monocarboxylate transporters in astroglial cells and neurons. J Biol Chem, 272, 30096–30102. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.48.30096.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Brown, A. M. (2004). Brain glycogen re-awakened. J Neurochem, 89, 537–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02421.x.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Butcher, R. L., Collins, W. E., Fugo, N. W. (1974). Plasma concentrations of LH, FSH, progesterone, and estradiol-17beta throughout the 4-day estrous cycle of the rat. Endocrinology, 94, 1704–1708. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-94-6-1704.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Chan, O., Zhu, W., Ding, Y., McCrimmon, R. J., Sherwin, R. S. (2006). Blockade of GABA(A) receptors in the ventromedial hypothalamus further stimulates glucagon and sympathoadrenal but not the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal response to hypoglycemia. Diabetes, 55, 1080–1087. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.55.04.06.db05-0958.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Chowdhury, G. M. I., Wang, P., Ciardi, A., Mamillapalli, R., Johnson, J., Zhu, W., Eid, T., Behar, K., Chan, O. (2017). Impaired glutamatergic neurotransmission in the ventromedial hypothalamus may contribute to defective counterregulation in recurrently hypoglycemic rats. Diabetes, 66, 1979–1989. https://doi.org/10.2337/db16-1589.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Cryer, P. E. (2015). Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in diabetes: Maladaptive, adaptive, or both? Diabetes, 64, 2322–2323. https://doi.org/10.2337/db15-0331.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Cryer, P. E. (2017). Individualized glycemic goals and an expanded classification of severe hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care, 40, 1641–1643. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-1741.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Fioramonti, X., Marsollier, N., Song, Z., Fakira, K. A., Patel, R. M., Brown, S., Duparc, T., Pica-Mendez, A., Sanders, N. M., Knauf, C., Valet, P., McCrimmon, R. J., Beuve, A., Magnan, C., Routh, V. H. (2010). Ventromedial hypothalamic nitric oxide production is necessary for hypoglycemia detection and counterregulation. Diabetes, 59, 519–528. https://doi.org/10.2337/db09-0421.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Gruetter, R. (2003). Glycogen: The forgotten cerebral energy store. J Neurosci Res, 74, 179–183. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.10785.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Han, S. M., Namkoong, C., Jang, P. G., Park, I. S., Hong, S. W., Katakami, H., Chun, S., Kim, S. W., Park, J. Y., Lee, K. U., Kim, M. S. (2005). Hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase mediates counter-regulatory responses to hypoglycaemia in rats. Diabetologia, 48, 2170–2178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-005-1913-1.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Ibrabim, M. M. H., Bheemanapally, K., Alhamami, H. N., Briski, K. P. (2020). Effects of intracerebroventricular glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor CP-316,819 infusion on hypothalamic glycogen content and metabolic neuron AMPK activity and neurotransmitter expression in the male rat. J Mol Neurosci, 70, 647–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-019-01471-0.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Ibrahim, M. M. H., Alhamami, H. N., Briski, K. P. (2019). Norepinephrine regulation of ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus metabolic transmitter biomarker and astrocyte enzyme and receptor expression: Impact of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase. Brain Res, 1711, 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.012.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Laming, P., Kimelberg, H., Robinson, S., Salm, A., Hawrylak, N., Müller, C., Roots, B., Ng, K. (2000). Neuronal–glial interactions and behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 24, 295–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00080-9.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline López, M. (2018). Hypothalamic AMPK and energy balance. Eur J Clin Invest, 48, e12996. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.12996.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Mahmood, A. S. M. H., Napit, P. R., Ali, M. H., Briski, K. P. (2020). Estrogen receptor involvement in noradrenergic regulation of ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus glucoregulatory neurotransmitter and stimulus-specific glycogen phosphorylase enzyme isoform expression. ASN Neuro, 12, 1759091420910933. https://doi.org/10.1177/1759091420910933.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI Mandal, S. K., Shrestha, P. K., Alenazi, F. S. H., Shakya, M., Alhamami, H. N., Briski, K. P. (2017). Role of hindbrain adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in hypothalamic AMPK and metabolic neuropeptide adaptation to recurring insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the male rat. Neuropeptides, 66, 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npep.2017.08.001.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Mandal, S. K., Shrestha, P. K., Alenazi, F. S. H., Shakya, M., Alhamami, H. N., Briski, K. P. (2018). Effects of estradiol on lactoprivic signaling of the hindbrain upon the contraregulatory hormonal response and metabolic neuropeptide synthesis in hypoglycemic female rats. Neuropeptides, 70(70), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npep.2018.05.004.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline McCrimmon, R. J., Shaw, M., Fan, X., Cheng, H., Ding, Y., Vella, M. C., Zhou, L., McNay, E. C., Sherwin, R. S. (2008). Key role for AMP-activated protein kinase in the ventromedial hypothalamus in regulating counterregulatory hormone responses to acute hypoglycemia. Diabetes, 57, 444–450. https://doi.org/10.2337/db07-0837.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Müller, M. S., Pedersen, S., Walls, A. B., Waagepetersen, H. S., Bak, L. K. (2014). Isoform-selective regulation of glycogen phosphorylase by energy deprivation and phosphorylation in astrocytes. Glia, 63, 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.22741.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Nadeau, O. W., Fontes, J. D., Carlson, G. M. (2018). The regulation of glycogenolysis in the brain. J Biol Chem, 293, 7099–7107. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.r117.803023.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Napit, P. R., Ali, M. H., Shakya, M., Mandal, S. K., Bheemanapally, K., Mahmood, A. S. M. H., Ibrahim, M. M. H., Briski, K. P. (2019). Hindbrain estrogen receptor regulation of counter-regulatory hormone secretion and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus glycogen content and glucoregulatory transmitter signaling in hypoglycemic female rats. Neuroscience, 411, 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.007.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Obel, L. F., Müller, M. S., Walls, A. B., Sickmann, H. M., Bak, L. K., Waagepetersen, H. S., Schousboe, A. (2012). Brain glycogen-new perspectives on its metabolic function and regulation at the subcellular level. Front Neuroenerget, 4, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnene.2012.00003.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Oomura, Y., Ono, H., Ooyama, H., Wayner, M. J. (1969). Glucose and osmosensitive neurons of the rat hypothalamus. Nature, 222, 282–284. https://doi.org/10.1038/222282a0.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Pimentel, G. D., Ropelle, E. R., Rocha, G. Z., Carvalheira, J. B. (2013). The role of neuronal AMPK as a mediator of nutritional regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. Metabolism, 62, 171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.001.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Routh, V. H., Hao, L., Santiago, A. M., Sheng, Z., Zhou, C. (2014). Hypothalamic glucose sensing: Making ends meet. Front Syst Neurosci, 8, 236. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00236.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Schousboe, A., Sickmann, H. M., Walls, A. B., Bak, L. K., Waagepetersen, H. S. (2010). Functional importance of the astrocyte glycogen shunt and glycolysis for maintenance of an intact intra/extracellular glutamate gradient. Neurotox Res, 18, 94–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-010-9171-5.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Shimazu, T., Minokoshi, T. (2017). Systemic glucoregulation by glucose-sensing neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN). J Endocr Soc, 1(5), 449–450. https://doi.org/10.1210/js.2016-1104.** Journal of the Endocrine Society *** 449–459.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Shulman, R. G., Hyder, F., Rothman, D. L. (2001). Cerebral energetics and the glycogen shunt: Neurochemical basis of functional imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 98, 6417–6422. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101129298.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Silver, I. A., Erecińska, M. (1998). Glucose-induced intracellular ion changes in sugar-sensitive hypothalamic neurons. J Neurophysiol, 79, 1733–1745. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.4.1733.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Stanley, S. A., Kelly, L., Latcha, K. N., Schmidt, S. F., Yu, X., Nectow, A. R., Sauer, J., Dyke, J. P., Dordick, J. S., Friedman, J. M. (2016). Bidirectional electromagnetic control of the hypothalamus regulates feeding and metabolism. Nature, 531(7596), 647–650. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17183
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Stobart, J. L., Anderson, C. M. (2013). Multifunctional role of astrocytes as gatekeepers of neuronal energy supply. Cell Neurosci, 7, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2013.00038.
Google Scholar | Medline Suzuki, H., Hagegawa, Y., Kanawaru, K., Zhang, J. H. (2010). Mechanisms of osteopontin-induced stabilization of blood-brain barrier disruption after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Stroke, 41, 1783–1790. https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.110.58653.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Toda, C., Kim, J. D., Impellizzeri, D., Cuzzocrea, S., Liu, Z.-W., Diano, S. (2016). UCP2 regulates mitochondrial fission and ventromedial nucleus control of glucose responsiveness. Cell, 164(5), 872–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.010
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Tong, Q., Ye, C., McCrimmon, R. J., Dhillon, H., Choi, B., Kramer, M. D., Yu, J., Yang, Z., Christiansen, L. M., Lee, C. E., Choi, C. S., Zigman, J. M., Shulman, G. I., Sherwin, R. S., Elmquist, J. K., Lowell, B. B. (2007). Synaptic glutamate release by ventromedial hypothalamic neurons is part of the neurocircuitry that prevents hypoglycemia. Cell Metab, 5, 383–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2007.04.001.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Uddin, M. M., Bheemanapally, K., Ibrahim, M. M. H., Briski, K. P. (2020). Sex-dimorphic neuroestradiol regulation of ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus glucoregulatory transmitter and glycogen metabolism enzyme protein expression in the rat. BMC Neurosci, 21(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-020-00598-w.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Uddin, M. M., Mahmood, A. S. M. H., Ibrahim, M. M. H., Briski, K. P. (2019). Sex dimorphic estrogen receptor regulation of ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus glucoregulatory neuron adrenergic receptor expression in hypoglycemic male and female rats. Brain Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146311.